I-Umicore Electroplating eJalimane isebenzisa izinga lokushisa eliphezulu le-electrolytic anode.Kule nqubo, i-platinum ifakwa ezintweni eziyisisekelo ezifana ne-titanium, i-niobium, i-tantalum, i-molybdenum, i-tungsten, insimbi engagqwali kanye nama-nickel alloys endaweni yokugeza kasawoti encibilikisiwe ku-550 ° C ngaphansi kwe-argon.
Umfanekiso 2: Izinga lokushisa eliphezulu elenziwe nge-electroplated platinum/titanium anode ligcina umumo walo isikhathi eside.
Umfanekiso 3: Imeshi enwetshiwe ye-Pt/Ti anode.Imeshi yensimbi enwetshiwe inikeza ukuthutha kwe-electrolyte okuphelele.Ibanga phakathi kwe-anode ne-cathode components lingancishiswa futhi ukuminyana kwamanje kukhuphuke.Umphumela: ikhwalithi engcono ngesikhathi esincane.
Umfanekiso 4: Ububanzi bemeshi ku-anode yensimbi enwetshiwe bungalungiswa.I-mesh inikeza ukwanda kokujikeleza kwe-electrolyte nokususwa kwegesi okungcono.
Ukuhola kubukwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.E-US, iziphathimandla zezempilo nezindawo zokusebenza zinamathela ezixwayiso zazo.Naphezu kweminyaka yokuhlangenwe nakho kwezinkampani ze-electroplating ekubhekaneni nezinto eziyingozi, insimbi iyaqhubeka nokubhekwa ngokujulile.
Isibonelo, noma ubani osebenzisa ama-anode okuhola e-United States kufanele abhalise nerejista ye-EPA ye-Toxic Chemical Release Register.Uma inkampani ye-electroplating icubungula kuphela u-29 kg womthofu ngonyaka, ukubhaliswa kusadingeka.
Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukubheka enye indlela e-USA.Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi isitshalo se-anode esiqinile se-chromium plating sibonakala sishibhile ekuqaleni, kukhona nokubi okuningi:
Ama-anode azinzile ayindlela ethokozisayo yokuhlanganisa i-chromium eqinile (bona umdwebo 2) enendawo yeplatinamu ku-titanium noma i-niobium njenge-substrate.
Ama-anode ahlanganiswe ngeplatinamu anikeza izinzuzo eziningi ngaphezu kokufakwa kwe-chromium eqinile.Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinzuzo ezilandelayo:
Ukuze uthole imiphumela emihle, vumelanisa i-anode nokwakheka kwengxenye ezogcotshwa.Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuthola ama-anode anobukhulu obuzinzile (amapuleti, amasilinda, amise okwe-T futhi amise okwe-U), kanti ama-anode omthofu ikakhulukazi angamashidi noma izinduku.
I-Pt/Ti ne-Pt/Nb anode ayinazo izindawo ezivaliwe, kodwa kunalokho amashidi ensimbi anwetshiwe anosayizi ohlukile wemeshi.Lokhu kuholela ekusabalaliseni okuhle kwamandla, amasimu kagesi angasebenza ngaphakathi nangaphakathi kwenethiwekhi (bheka umdwebo 3).
Ngakho-ke, ibanga elincane phakathi kwe-i-anodekanye ne-cathode, ukuphakama kwe-flux ye-coating.Izendlalelo zingasetshenziswa ngokushesha: isivuno siyanda.Ukusetshenziswa kwamagridi anendawo enkulu ephumelelayo kungathuthukisa kakhulu izimo zokuhlukana.
Ukuzinza kwe-Dimensional kungafinyelelwa ngokuhlanganisa i-platinum ne-titanium.Zombili izinsimbi zinikeza amapharamitha alungile we-hard chrome plating.I-resistantivity yeplatinamu iphansi kakhulu, kuphela i-0.107 Ohm×mm2/m.Inani lomthofu licishe liphindeke kabili elomthofu (0.208 ohm×mm2/m).I-Titanium inokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu, kepha leli khono liyancishiswa lapho kukhona ama-halides.Isibonelo, i-voltage yokuwohloka ye-titanium kuma-electrolyte aqukethe i-chloride isukela ku-10 kuye ku-15 V, kuye nge-pH.Lokhu kuphakeme kakhulu kunaleyo ye-niobium (35 kuya ku-50 V) ne-tantalum (70 kuya ku-100 V).
I-Titanium inezimo ezimbi mayelana nokumelana nokugqwala kuma-asidi aqinile njenge-sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, oxalic kanye ne-methanesulfonic acid.Nokho,titaniumkuseyisinqumo esihle ngenxa yokusebenziseka kwayo kanye nentengo.
Ukufakwa kongqimba lweplatinamu ku-titanium substrate kwenziwa kangcono nge-electrochemically ngokushisa okuphezulu kwe-electrolysis (HTE) kusawoti oncibilikisiwe.Inqubo ye-HTE eyinkimbinkimbi iqinisekisa ukunamathela okunembayo: kubhavu oncibilikisiwe ongu-550°C owenziwe ngengxube ye-potassium ne-sodium cyanides equkethe cishe u-1% kuya ku-3% weplatinamu, insimbi eyigugu ifakwa ku-titanium ngamakhemikhali.I-substrate ivaliwe ohlelweni oluvaliwe nge-argon, futhi ukugeza usawoti ku-crucible kabili.Ama-currents asuka ku-1 kuye ku-5 A/dm2 ahlinzeka ngezinga lokwaleka lika-10 kuya ku-50 microns ngehora ngokushuba kokumboza okungu-0.5 kuya ku-2 V.
Ama-anode enziwe ngepulasitiki asebenzisa inqubo ye-HTE asebenze kahle kakhulu kunama-anode ambozwe nge-electrolyte enamanzi.Ukuhlanzeka kwezingubo zeplatinamu kusawoti oncibilikisiwe okungenani kungama-99.9%, okuphakeme kakhulu kunezendlalelo zeplatinamu ezifakwe ezixazululweni ezinamanzi.I-ductility ethuthukisiwe ngokuphawulekayo, ukunamathela kanye nokumelana nokugqwala nokungezwani okuncane kwangaphakathi.
Uma ucubungula ukuthuthukisa idizayini ye-anode, okubaluleke kakhulu ukulungiselelwa kwesakhiwo sokusekela kanye nokunikezwa kwamandla e-anode.Isixazululo esingcono kakhulu siwukushisa futhi uphephezelise i-titanium sheet coating kumongo wethusi.I-Copper iyi-conductor ekahle ene-resistivity engaba ngu-9% kuphela yaleyo yama-alloys e-Pb/Sn.Ukunikezwa kwamandla kwe-CuTi kuqinisekisa ukulahleka kwamandla okuncane kuphela eduze kwe-anode, ngakho-ke ukusatshalaliswa kogqinsi kongqimba kumhlangano we-cathode kuyafana.
Omunye umphumela omuhle ukuthi ukushisa okuncane kukhiqizwa.Izidingo zokupholisa ziyancishiswa futhi ukugqokwa kweplatinamu ku-anode kuyancishiswa.I-anti-corrosion titanium coating ivikela umongo wethusi.Lapho unamathisela kabusha insimbi enwetshiwe, hlanza futhi ulungise uhlaka kuphela kanye/noma ukunikezwa kwamandla.Angasetshenziswa kabusha izikhathi eziningi.
Ngokulandela le mihlahlandlela yokuklama, ungasebenzisa amamodeli we-Pt/Ti noma we-Pt/Nb ukuze udale “ama-anode afanele” we-chromium plating eqinile.Amamodeli azinzile ngokwezinga abiza kakhulu esigabeni sokutshala imali kunama-anode omthofu.Kodwa-ke, uma ucubungula izindleko ngokuningiliziwe, imodeli ye-titanium ehlanganiswe ne-platinum ingaba enye indlela ethokozisayo yokufaka i-chrome eqinile.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuhlaziywa okuphelele nokuphelele kwesamba sezindleko zomthofu ovamile kanye nama-anode eplatinamu.
I-alloy anode eyisishiyagalombili (1700 mm ubude no-40 mm ububanzi) eyenziwe nge-PbSn7 iqhathaniswe nama-Pt/Ti anode anosayizi ofanele we-chromium Plating yezingxenye zesilinda.Ukukhiqizwa kwama-anode okuhola ayisishiyagalombili kubiza cishe ama-euro ayi-1,400 (amadola ayi-1,471 ase-US), okubonakala kushibhile ekuqaleni.Ukutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo ukuthuthukisa ama-Pt/Ti anode adingekayo kuphezulu kakhulu.Intengo yokuqala yokuthenga icishe ibe ngama-euro ayi-7,000.Iziqephu zePlatinum zibiza kakhulu.Izinsimbi eziyigugu kuphela ezibalelwa ku-45% wale mali.I-2.5 µm ewugqinsi yeplatinamu idinga u-11.3 g wensimbi eyigugu ku-anode ngayinye kweziyisishiyagalombili.Ngenani lama-euro angama-35 ngegremu ngayinye, lokhu kuhambelana nama-euro angama-3160.
Nakuba ama-anode okuhola angase abonakale njengesinqumo esingcono kakhulu, lokhu kungashintsha ngokushesha lapho kuhlolisiswa eduze.Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu kuphela, inani lezindleko ze-anode eholayo liphezulu kakhulu kunemodeli ye-Pt/Ti.Esibonelweni sokubala esilandelanayo, thatha ukuminyana kwe-flux yohlelo lokusebenza okujwayelekile okungu-40 A/dm2.Ngenxa yalokho, ukugeleza kwamandla endaweni enikeziwe ye-anode engu-168 dm2 kwakungu-6720 amperes emahoreni angu-6700 okusebenza iminyaka emithathu.Lokhu kuhambisana cishe nezinsuku zokusebenza ezingama-220 emahoreni ayi-10 okusebenza ngonyaka.Njengoba iplatinamu ishintshashintsha ibe yisixazululo, ukujiya kongqimba lweplatinamu kuncipha kancane.Isibonelo, lokhu kubhekwa njenge-2 amagremu ngesigidi sama-amp-amahora.
Kunezizathu eziningi zenzuzo yezindleko ze-Pt/Ti ngaphezu kwama-anode okuhola.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kukagesi okuncishisiwe (inani elingu-0.14 EUR/kWh kususe u-14,800 kWh/ngonyaka) kubiza cishe u-2,000 EUR ngonyaka.Ngaphezu kwalokho, asisadingeki izindleko zonyaka ezingaba ama-euro angama-500 zokulahla udaka lwechromate eholayo, kanye nama-euro ayi-1000 okugcinwa nokunciphisa isikhathi sokukhiqiza - izibalo ezilondoloza kakhulu.
Izindleko eziphelele zama-anode okuhola eminyakeni emithathu zazingu-€14,400 ($15,130).Izindleko ze-Pt/Ti anode zingama-euro ayi-12,020, okuhlanganisa nokuhlanganisa kabusha.Ngisho nangaphandle kokucabangela izindleko zesondlo kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula sokukhiqiza (ama-euro angu-1000 ngosuku ngonyaka), iphuzu lokuphumula lifinyelelwa ngemva kweminyaka emithathu.Kusukela kuleli phuzu kuqhubeke, igebe phakathi kwabo liyakhula nakakhulu ngokuvuna i-Pt/Ti anode.
Izimboni eziningi zisebenzisa izinzuzo ezihlukahlukene ze-platinamu enamazinga okushisa e-electrolytic anode.Abakhiqizi bezibani, ama-semiconductor kanye namabhodi esekethe, abezimoto, ama-hydraulics, izimayini, ama-waterwork namachibi okubhukuda bathembele kulobu buchwepheshe bokumboza.Izicelo ezengeziwe zizothuthukiswa ngokuzayo, njengoba izindleko ezisimeme kanye nokucatshangelwa kwemvelo kuwukukhathazeka kwesikhathi eside.Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhola kungase kubhekane nokuhlolwa okwengeziwe.
Isihloko sokuqala sashicilelwa ngesiJalimane ku-Annual Surface Technology (Vol. 71, 2015) ehlelwe nguProf. Timo Sörgel wase-Aalen University of Applied Sciences, eJalimane.Ngenhlonipho ka-Eugen G. Leuze Verlag, Bad Saulgau/Germany.
Emisebenzini eminingi yokuqeda insimbi, i-masking isetshenziswa, lapho kuphela izindawo ezithile zobuso bengxenye okufanele zicutshungulwe.Esikhundleni salokho, ukufihla ubuso kungasetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho ukwelashwa kungadingeki noma kufanele kugwenywe.Lesi sihloko sihlanganisa izici eziningi zokuvala izigqoko zensimbi, okuhlanganisa izinhlelo zokusebenza, amasu, nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokufihla ezisetshenziswa.