Njengoba ukukhanya kuhamba emkhathini, kwelulwa ngokunwebeka kwendawo yonke.Yingakho izinto eziningi ezikude kakhulu zikhanya ku-infrared, enobude obude kunokukhanya okubonakalayo.Asikwazi ukukubona lokhu kukhanya kwasendulo ngeso lenyama, kodwa i-James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) yakhelwe ukukuthwebula, eveza eminye yemithala yakudala kakhulu eyake yakhiwa.
I-Aperture Masking: I-perforatedinsimbiipuleti livimba okunye ukukhanya okungena kusibonakude, okusivumela ukuba silingise i-interferometer ehlanganisa idatha evela kumabonakude amaningi ukuze kuzuzwe ukucaca okuphezulu kunelensi eyodwa.Le ndlela iveza imininingwane eyengeziwe ezintweni ezikhanya kakhulu eziseduze, njengezinkanyezi ezimbili eziseduze esibhakabhakeni.
I-Micro Gate Array: Igridi yamasango amancane angu-248,000 ingavulwa noma ivalwe ukuze kulinganiswe i-spectrum - ukusakazeka kokukhanya kwehle kuze kufike kumaza akhona - ngamaphoyinti angu-100 kuhlaka olulodwa.
I-Spectrometer: I-grating noma i-prism ihlukanisa ukukhanya kwesigameko kube i-spectrum ukuze kuboniswe ukushuba kobude obungabodwana begagasi.
Amakhamera: I-JWST inamakhamera amathathu - amabili athwebula ukukhanya kubude obuseduze be-infrared wavelengths kanye neyodwa ethwebula ukukhanya phakathi kwamaza amaza e-infrared.
Iyunithi yenkambu ehlanganisiwe: Ikhamera ehlanganisiwe ne-spectrometer ithwebula isithombe kanye ne-spectrum yephikseli ngayinye, ebonisa ukuthi ukukhanya kushintsha kanjani endaweni yokubuka.
Ama-Coronagraphs: Ukucwebezela okuvela ezinkanyezini ezikhanyayo kungavimba ukukhanya okufiphele kumaplanethi namadiski emfucumfucu azungeza lezo zinkanyezi.Ama-Coronographs ayindilinga e-opaque evimba ukukhanya kwenkanyezi okukhanyayo futhi evumela amasiginali abuthakathaka ukuba adlule.
I-Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)/Near Infrared Imager kanye ne-Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS): I-FGS iyikhamera ekhomba esiza ukukhomba isibonakude endaweni efanele.Ihlanganiswe ne-NIRISS enekhamera kanye ne-spectrometer ekwazi ukuthwebula eduze kwezithombe ze-infrared kanye ne-spectra.
Eduze kwe-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSpec): Lesi sibukeli esikhethekile singathola kanyekanye i-spectra eyi-100 ngohlu lwama-microshutter.Leli ithuluzi lokuqala lasemkhathini elikwazi ukwenza ukuhlaziya okubonwayo kwezinto eziningi kangaka ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Eduze kwekhamera ye-infrared (NIRCam): Okuwukuphela kwethuluzi le-infrared eliseduze eline-coronagraph, i-NIRCam izoba ithuluzi eliyinhloko lokufunda ama-exoplanets ukukhanya kwawo okungase kufihlwe ukubenyezela kwezinkanyezi eziseduze.Izothwebula izithombe ezinokulungiswa okuphezulu eduze kwe-infrared kanye ne-spectra.
I-Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI): Le nhlanganisela yekhamera/i-spectrograph ukuphela kwethuluzi ku-JWST elikwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwe-infrared emaphakathi okukhishwa izinto ezipholile njengamadiski emfucumfucu ezungeze izinkanyezi nemithala ekude kakhulu.
Ososayensi kwadingeka benze izinguquko ukuze baguqule idatha eluhlaza ye-JWST ibe okuthile iso lomuntu elingakubona, kodwa izithombe zayo “zingokoqobo,” kusho u-Alyssa Pagan, unjiniyela wemibono yesayensi e-Space Telescope Science Institute.“Ngabe ngabe sikhona ngempela le nto ebesiyoyibona?Impendulo ithi cha, ngoba amehlo ethu awaklanyelwe ukubona nge-infrared, futhi izibonakude zizwela kakhulu ekukhanyeni kunamehlo ethu.”Umkhakha wokubuka onwetshiwe wesibonakude usivumela ukuba sibone lezi zinto ze-cosmic ngendlela engokoqobo kakhulu kunalokho amehlo ethu anomkhawulo uma kuqhathaniswa.I-JWST ingathatha izithombe isebenzisa izihlungi ezingafika kwezingu-27 ezithwebula ububanzi obuhlukahlukene be-infrared spectrum.Ososayensi baqale bahlukanise ububanzi obusebenziseka kalula besithombe esinikeziwe futhi bakale amanani okukhanya ukuze baveze imininingwane eminingi ngangokunokwenzeka.Babe sebenikeza isihlungi ngasinye se-infrared umbala ku-spectrum ebonakalayo - ubude beza obufushane kakhulu baba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kuyilapho amaza amade aba luhlaza futhi abomvu.Zihlanganise bese usala nebhalansi evamile emhlophe, ukuqhathanisa nezilungiselelo zombala okungenzeka zenziwe yinoma yimuphi umthwebuli.
Ngenkathi izithombe ezinemibala egcwele zijabulisa, ukutholwa okuningi okujabulisayo kwenziwa ubude begagasi obubodwa ngesikhathi.Lapha, ithuluzi le-NIRSpec likhombisa izici ezahlukahlukene zeTarantula Nebula ngokusebenzisa okuhlukahlukeneizihlungi.Isibonelo, i-athomu ye-hydrogen (eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) ikhipha amaza obude ukusuka enkanyezini emaphakathi namabhamuza ayizungezile.Phakathi kwabo kukhona iminonjana yamangqamuzana e-hydrogen (eluhlaza) kanye nama-hydrocarbon ayinkimbinkimbi (abomvu).Ubufakazi buphakamisa ukuthi iqoqo lenkanyezi ekhoneni elingezansi kwesokudla lohlaka lifutha uthuli negesi libhekise enkanyezini emaphakathi.
Le ndatshana yashicilelwa okokuqala ku-Scientific American 327, 6, 42-45 (December 2022) ngokuthi “Behind the Photos”.
UJen Christiansen ungumhleli wezithombe eziphezulu kwa-Scientific American.Landela uChristiansen ku-Twitter @ChristiansenJen
unguMhleli Omkhulu We-Space and Physics e-Scientific American.Uneziqu ze-bachelor ku-astronomy ne-physics azithola e-Wesleyan University kanye neziqu ze-master in science journalism azithola e-University of California, e-Santa Cruz.Landela i-Moskowitz ku-Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz.Isithombe sihlonishwa ngu-Nick Higgins.
Thola isayensi eshintsha umhlaba.Hlola ingobo yethu yomlando yedijithali eyaqala ngo-1845, okuhlanganisa nezindatshana ezivela kwabahlomuli bemiklomelo kaNobel abangaphezu kuka-150.