I-Umicore Electroplating eJamani isebenzisa i-anode ye-electrolytic enobushushu obuphezulu.Kule nkqubo, i-platinum ifakwe kwizinto ezisisiseko ezifana ne-titanium, i-niobium, i-tantalum, i-molybdenum, i-tungsten, insimbi engenasici kunye ne-nickel alloys kwindawo yokuhlamba ityuwa etyhidiweyo kwi-550 ° C phantsi kwe-argon.
Umzobo 2: Ubushushu obuphezulu be-electroplated platinum/titanium anode igcina imilo yayo ixesha elide.
Umzobo 3: Umnatha owandisiweyo Pt/Ti anode.Imesh yentsimbi eyandisiweyo ibonelela ngothutho olululo lwe-electrolyte.Umgama phakathi kwe-anode kunye namacandelo e-cathode unokuncitshiswa kwaye ukuxinana kwangoku kwanda.Isiphumo: umgangatho ongcono ngexesha elincinci.
Umzobo 4: Ububanzi be-mesh kwi-anode yensimbi eyandisiweyo ye-mesh inokulungiswa.I-mesh ibonelela ngokunyuka kokujikeleza kwe-electrolyte kunye nokususwa kwegesi okungcono.
Inkokeli ijongwe ngokusondeleyo kwihlabathi liphela.E-US, abasemagunyeni kwezempilo kunye neendawo zokusebenza banamathela kwizilumkiso zabo.Ngaphandle kweminyaka yamava eenkampani ze-electroplating ekujonganeni nezinto ezinobungozi, isinyithi sisaqhubeka sijongwa ngakumbi nangakumbi.
Umzekelo, nabani na osebenzisa i-anodes ekhokelayo e-United States kufuneka abhalise kwiRejista ye-EPA's federal Toxic Chemical Release Register.Ukuba inkampani ye-electroplating isebenza kuphela malunga ne-29 kg yelothe ngonyaka, ukubhaliswa kusafuneka.
Ke ngoko, kuyafuneka ukukhangela enye indlela e-USA.Ayipheleli nje ekuboneni isityalo se-anode esiqinileyo sechromium sibonakala sitshiphu xa usijonga nje, kukwakho nezinto ezininzi ezingeloncedo:
I-anode ezinzile ngokwemilinganiselo yindlela enomdla kwi-hard chromium plating (jonga umfanekiso we-2) kunye nomphezulu weplatinam kwi-titanium okanye i-niobium njenge-substrate.
Ii-anode ezigqunywe ngePlatinam zibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ngaphezulu kokufakwa kwechromium eqinile.Ezi ziquka ezi zibonelelo zilandelayo:
Ukufumana iziphumo ezifanelekileyo, lungisa i-anode kuyilo lwenxalenye eza kugqunywa.Oku kwenza kube lula ukufumana i-anodes enemilinganiselo ezinzileyo (iipleyiti, iisilinda, i-T-shaped kunye ne-U-shaped), ngelixa i-anode ehamba phambili ingamaphepha aqhelekileyo okanye iintonga.
I-Pt/Ti kunye ne-Pt/Nb anode ayinayo imiphezulu evaliweyo, kodwa kunoko kwandiswa amaphepha esinyithi anesayizi eguquguqukayo yomnatha.Oku kukhokelela ekuhanjisweni kakuhle kwamandla, amasimi ombane anokusebenza ngaphakathi kunye nokujikeleza inethiwekhi (jonga umzobo 3).
Ngoko ke, umgama omncinci phakathi kwei-anodekunye ne-cathode, ukuphakama koxinzelelo lwe-flux yokwambathisa.Iileya zingasetyenziswa ngokukhawuleza: isivuno sandiswa.Ukusetyenziswa kweegridi ezinommandla omkhulu osebenzayo kunokuphucula kakhulu iimeko zokuhlukana.
Ukuzinza kwe-Dimensional kunokufezekiswa ngokudibanisa i-platinum kunye ne-titanium.Zombini iintsimbi zibonelela ngeeparamitha ezizezona ziqinileyo zokucwenga kwechrome.I-resistiveivity yeplatinum iphantsi kakhulu, kuphela i-0.107 Ohm× mm2 / m.Ixabiso lelothe liphantse liphindwe kabini kunelothe (0.208 ohm×mm2/m).I-Titanium inokumelana ne-corrosion egqwesileyo, nangona kunjalo obu buchule buyancipha xa kukho i-halides.Ngokomzekelo, amandla ombane e-titanium kwi-electrolyte ene-chloride aqala kwi-10 ukuya kwi-15 V, kuxhomekeka kwi-pH.Oku kuphezulu kakhulu kune-niobium (35 ukuya ku-50 V) kunye ne-tantalum (70 ukuya kwi-100 V).
I-Titanium inezingeloncedo malunga nokumelana nokubola kwi-acids eqinile njenge-sulfuric, i-nitric, i-hydrofluoric, i-oxalic kunye ne-methanesulfonic acids.Nangona kunjalo,titaniumiselukhetho oluhle ngenxa yobuchule bayo kunye nexabiso.
Ukubekwa komaleko weplatinam kwi-titanium substrate yeyona nto ingcono kukwenziwa ngokwe-electrochemically ngobushushu obuphezulu be-electrolysis (HTE) kwiityuwa ezinyibilikisiweyo.Inkqubo entsonkothileyo ye-HTE iqinisekisa ukugquma okuchanekileyo: kwibhafu eyi-550 ° C etyhidiweyo eyenziwe kumxube we-potassium kunye ne-sodium cyanides equlethe malunga ne-1% ukuya kwi-3% yeplatinam, isinyithi esixabisekileyo sifakwe kwi-electrochemically kwi-titanium.I-substrate ivalwe kwinkqubo evaliweyo kunye ne-argon, kwaye ibhafu yetyuwa ikwi-crucible kabini.Imijelo ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwi-5 A/dm2 ibonelela ngesantya sokugquma se-10 ukuya kwi-50 ye-microns ngeyure kunye noxinzelelo lokugquma lwe-0.5 ukuya kwi-2 V.
I-anode eyenziwe ngeplatinized usebenzisa inkqubo ye-HTE isebenze kakhulu kune-anode egqunywe nge-electrolyte enamanzi.Ukucoceka kweengubo zeplatinam ezivela kwityuwa etyhidiweyo ubuncinane yi-99.9%, engaphezulu kakhulu kuneengqimba zeplatinam ezifakwe kwiisombululo ezinamanzi.Ukuphucula ngokuphawulekayo i-ductility, ukubambelela kunye nokuxhathisa ukubola kunye noxinzelelo oluncinci lwangaphakathi.
Xa ucinga ngokulungiselela uyilo lwe-anode, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukulungiswa kwesakhiwo senkxaso kunye nokunikezelwa kwamandla e-anode.Esona sisombululo silungileyo kukufudumeza kunye nokuvuthuza icwecwe le-titanium kumbindi wobhedu.Ubhedu ngumqhubi ofanelekileyo kunye ne-resistivity malunga ne-9% kuphela ye-Pb / Sn alloys.Unikezelo lwamandla e-CuTi luqinisekisa ilahleko encinci yamandla kuphela ecaleni kwe-anode, ngoko ke ukuhanjiswa kobukhulu bomaleko kwindibano ye-cathode kuyafana.
Esinye isiphumo esihle kukuba ubushushu obuncinane buveliswa.Iimfuno zokupholisa ziyancitshiswa kwaye i-platinum inxiba kwi-anode iyancitshiswa.I-anti-corrosion titanium coating ikhusela undoqo wobhedu.Xa uphinda uhlanganise isinyithi esandisiweyo, coca kwaye ulungiselele kuphela isakhelo kunye / okanye ukunikezelwa kwamandla.Zingaphinda zisetyenziswe ngamaxesha amaninzi.
Ngokulandela ezi zikhokelo zoyilo, ungasebenzisa iimodeli zePt/Ti okanye zePt/Nb ukwenza “i-anodes efanelekileyo” yokucwenga kwechromium enzima.Iimodeli ezizinzile ngokwemilinganiselo zibiza ngaphezulu kwinqanaba lotyalo-mali kuneendlela zokukhokela.Nangona kunjalo, xa uqwalasela iindleko kwiinkcukacha ezithe kratya, imodeli ye-titanium efakwe ngeplatinum ingaba yinto enomdla kwi-chrome plating.
Oku kungenxa yohlalutyo olubanzi nolucokisekileyo lwexabiso lilonke lelothe eqhelekileyo kunye neplatinam anode.
I-anode ye-alloy esibhozo (i-1700 mm ubude kunye ne-40 mm ububanzi) eyenziwe nge-PbSn7 yathelekiswa nobukhulu obufanelekileyo be-Pt/Ti anodes ye-chromium yokucwenga yamalungu e-cylindrical.Ukuveliswa kwee-anode ezisibhozo ezikhokelayo kubiza malunga ne-1,400 ye-euro (i-1,471 yeedola zase-US), ethi xa uyijonga nje ibonakale iphantsi.Utyalo-mali olufunekayo ukuphuhlisa i-Pt / Ti anode efunekayo iphezulu kakhulu.Ixabiso lokuqala lokuthenga lijikeleze i-7,000 euros.Ukugqitywa kweplatinam kubiza kakhulu.Kuphela ziintsimbi ezisulungekileyo ezixabisa i-45% yale mali.I-2.5 µm etyebileyo yokwaleka ngeplatinam ifuna i-11.3 g yentsimbi exabisekileyo kwi-anode nganye kwezisibhozo.Ngexabiso le-35 euro ngegram, oku kuhambelana ne-3160 euro.
Ngelixa i-anode ehamba phambili inokubonakala ngathi lolona khetho lufanelekileyo, oku kunokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza xa kujongwa ngokusondeleyo.Emva kweminyaka emithathu kuphela, ixabiso elipheleleyo le-anode ekhokelayo liphezulu kakhulu kunemodeli yePt / Ti.Kumzekelo wokubala ogcinayo, thatha uxinaniso lwesicelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-40 A/dm2.Ngenxa yoko, ukuhamba kwamandla kwindawo ye-anode enikeziweyo ye-168 dm2 yayingu-6720 amperes kwiiyure ezingama-6700 zokusebenza iminyaka emithathu.Oku kungqamana malunga neentsuku zokusebenza ezingama-220 kwiiyure zokusebenza ezili-10 ngonyaka.Njengoko iplatinam ingena kwisisombululo, ubukhulu bomaleko weplatinam buyancipha kancinci.Ngokomzekelo, oku kuthathwa njenge-2 grams ngesigidi seeyure ze-amp.
Kukho izizathu ezininzi zenzuzo yeendleko zePt/Ti ngaphezulu kwee-anode ezikhokelayo.Ukongeza, ukusetyenziswa kombane okuncitshisiweyo (ixabiso le-0.14 EUR/kWh thabatha i-14,800 kWh/ngonyaka) lixabisa malunga ne-2,000 EUR ngonyaka.Ukongeza, akusekho mfuneko yeendleko zonyaka malunga ne-500 ye-euro yokulahla i-lead chromate sludge, kunye ne-euro eyi-1000 yokugcinwa kunye nexesha lokunciphisa imveliso - izibalo ezilondolozayo kakhulu.
Iindleko ezipheleleyo ze-anode ezikhokelayo kwiminyaka emithathu yayiyi-€ 14,400 (i-$ 15,130).Iindleko ze-Pt / Ti anodes yi-12,020 euro, kuquka ukubuyisela kwakhona.Ngaphandle kokuqwalasela iindleko zokugcinwa kwe-akhawunti kunye nexesha lokunciphisa imveliso (i-1000 euro ngosuku ngonyaka), i-break-even point ifikeleleke emva kweminyaka emithathu.Ukusukela kweli nqanaba ukuya phambili, umsantsa phakathi kwabo wonyuka ngakumbi ngokuthanda i-Pt/Ti anode.
Amashishini amaninzi athatha ithuba leenzuzo ezahlukeneyo zobushushu obuphezulu beplatinam egqunywe i-electrolytic anode.Izibane, isemiconductor kunye nabavelisi beebhodi zesekethe, iimoto, iihydraulics, imigodi, imisebenzi yamanzi kunye namachibi okuqubha zixhomekeke kobu bugcisa bokugquma.Izicelo ezininzi ziya kuphuhliswa ngokuqinisekileyo kwixesha elizayo, njengoko iindleko ezizinzileyo kunye nokuqwalaselwa kokusingqongileyo kuyinkxalabo yexesha elide.Ngenxa yoko, ukukhokela kunokujongana nokuphononongwa okwandisiweyo.
Inqaku lokuqala lapapashwa ngesiJamani kwi-Annual Surface Technology (Vol. 71, 2015) ehlelwe nguProf. Timo Sörgel wase-Aalen University of Applied Sciences, eJamani.Ngoncedo luka-Eugen G. Leuze Verlag, uSaulgau ombi/eJamani.
Kwiinkqubo ezininzi zokugqiba isinyithi, i-mask isetyenziswa, apho kuphela iindawo ezithile zomphezulu wecandelo kufuneka zicutshungulwe.Endaweni yoko, ukugquma ubuso kungasetyenziswa kwindawo apho unyango lungafunekiyo okanye kufuneka luphetshwe.Eli nqaku libandakanya imiba emininzi yentsimbi yokugqiba imaski, kubandakanywa izicelo, ubuchule, kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokufihla ezisetyenziswayo.