Ebudeni beGreat Ice Storm ngowe-1998, umkhenkce wawukhenkceza kwiintambo zombane nakwiipali, uphazamisa umntla weUnited States nomzantsi weKhanada, ushiya abaninzi kwingqele nobumnyama kangangeentsuku kwaneeveki.Nokuba ziiinjini zomoya, iinqaba zombane, iidrone okanye amaphiko enqwelomoya, umlo ochasene nokwakhiwa komkhenkce uhlala uxhomekeke kwiindlela ezidla ixesha, ezibizayo kunye/okanye zisebenzisa izixa ezikhulu zamandla kunye neekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo.Kodwa ngokujonga indalo, abaphandi bakaMcGill bacinga ukuba bafumene indlela entsha ethembisayo yokusombulula ingxaki.Baphenjelelwa ngamaphiko oonombombiya, oonombombiya abadada kumanzi anomkhenkce kummandla weAntarctic, abanoboya babo obungabandi naxa iqondo lobushushu langaphandle lingaphantsi kweqondo lomkhenkce.
Siqale siphande iipropathi zamagqabi e-lotus, agqwesileyo kumanzi okucoca, kodwa kwavela ukuba awasebenzi kangako kumanzi okucoca.utshilo u-Ann Kitzig, uprofesa oncedisayo wobunjineli beekhemikhali kwiYunivesithi yaseMcGill kunye nomlawuli we-Biomimetic Surface Engineering Lab, ekhangele isisombululo malunga neshumi leminyaka, into enokususa amanzi kunye neqhwa.“
Umfanekiso osekhohlo ubonisa ubume be-microscopic yentsiba ye-penguin (i-10-micron esondeleyo yokufaka ilingana ne-1/10 ububanzi beenwele zomntu, ukunika ingcamango yesikali).ukusuka kwiintsiba ezinamagatsha.“Amagwegwe” asetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iinwele zontsiba kunye ukwenza iiragi.Ekunene kukho ucingo lwentsimbi engenasiciilaphuukuba abaphandi baye bahlobisa nge-nanogrooves, ukuphindaphinda i-hierarchy yesakhiwo sentsiba ye-penguin (i-metal wire kunye ne-nanogrooves phezulu).
“Sifumanise ukuba ulungelelwaniso olucwangcisiweyo lweentsiba ngokwazo lubonelela ngeempawu zokuhambisa amanzi, kwaye umphezulu wazo odibeneyo unciphisa ukuncamathela komkhenkce,” uyachaza uMichael Wood, umfundi osandul’ ukuthweswa isidanga osebenza noKitziger, ongomnye wababhali besifundo.Ababhali bapapashe inqaku elitsha kwi-ACS Applied Material Interfaces."Sikwazile ukuphinda ezi ziphumo zidibeneyo kunye ne-laser-cut wire mesh."
UKitzig wongeze wathi: “Isenokubonakala iphikisana, kodwa eyona nto iphambili ekunyibilikeni komkhenkce kukuba yonke imingxunya ekwimesh ifunxa amanzi phantsi kweemeko zokukhenkceza.Amanzi akwezi ntunja ngawokugqibela ukuba ngumkhenkce, yaye njengoko esanda, enza iintanda ezinjengokubona kwiitreyi zamagaqa omkhenkce efrijini.Sidinga umzamo omncinci kakhulu wokususa umkhenkce kwigridi, kuba iintanda kumngxuma ngamnye zijika ngokulula kumphezulu wezi ngcingo ziphothiweyo.
Abaphandi baqhube iimvavanyo zetonela yomoya kwiindawo ezifakwe i-stenciled kwaye bafumanisa ukuba unyango lwaluyipesenti ye-95 esebenzayo ngakumbi ekuthinteleni i-icing kuneepaneli zensimbi ezingenasici.Ekubeni kungekho nyango lwekhemikhali olufunekayo, indlela entsha inikezela ngesisombululo esinokuthi sigcinwe kwingxaki yokwakheka komkhenkce kwiiinjini zomoya, iipali zamandla, iintambo zombane kunye needrones.
"Ngenxa yenani lemigaqo yokuhamba ngenqwelomoya yabakhweli kunye neengozi ezinxulumene noko, akunakwenzeka ukuba iphiko lenqwelomoya libotshwe ngentsimbi.umnatha,” wongeze watsho uKitzig.“Noko ke, ngenye imini umphezulu wephiko lenqwelo-moya usenokuba nolwakhiwo esilufundisisayo, yaye ukunqunyulwa kweayi kuya kwenzeka ngokudityaniswa kweendlela eziqhelekileyo zokuqhawula iayi ezisebenzisanayo kwiphiko.Umphezulu uquka ukuthungwa okuphefumlelwe ngamaphiko epenguin..ukwakheka komphezulu.”
"Izinto ezinokwethenjelwa ezichasene ne-icing ezisekelwe kwimisebenzi emibini - i-ice flaking ebangelwa yi-microstructure kunye ne-drainage ephuculwe yi-nanostructure", nguMichael J. Wood, uGregory Brock, uJuliette Debret, uPhilippe Servio kunye no-Anne-Marie Kitzig, epapashwe kwi-ACS Appl.matt.interface
Yasekwa eMontreal, eQuebec ngo-1821, iYunivesithi yaseMcGill yeyona yunivesithi iphambili yezonyango yaseCanada.UMcGill uhlala ebekwa phakathi kwezona yunivesithi zibalaseleyo kwilizwe nakwihlabathi.“Liziko “elidume kwihlabathi” lemfundo ephakamileyo elinemisebenzi yophando kwiikhampasi ezintathu, amasebe ali-11, izikolo eziqeqeshelweyo ezili-13, iinkqubo zokufunda ezingama-300 kunye nabafundi abangaphezu kwama-40,000, kuquka abafundi abaphumelele izidanga abangaphezu kwe-10,200.UMcGill utsala abafundi abasuka kumazwe angaphezu kwe-150, kwaye abafundi bayo abangama-12,800 bamazwe aphesheya benza i-31% yeqela labo labafundi.Ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sabafundi baseMcGill bathetha ulwimi lwenkobe ngaphandle kwesiNgesi, kwaye malunga ne-19 pesenti yaba bafundi bathatha isiFrentshi njengolwimi lwabo lokuqala.