Njengoko ukukhanya kutyhutyha esibhakabhakeni, kolulwa kukwanda kwendalo iphela.Yiyo loo nto uninzi lwezinto ezikude kakhulu zikhanya kwi-infrared, enobude obude kunokukhanya okubonakalayo.Asinakukubona oku kukhanya kwakudala ngeliso lenyama, kodwa iTelescope yeNdawo kaJames Webb (JWST) yenzelwe ukuyibamba, ityhila eminye yeminyele yakudala eyakha yenziwa.
Ukugqunywa kweAperture: A enemingxumaintsimbiipleyiti ithintela ukukhanya okungena kwiteleskopu, ivumela ukuba ilinganise i-interferometer edibanisa idatha esuka kwiiteleskopu ezininzi ukufikelela kwisisombululo esiphezulu kunelensi enye.Le ndlela izisa iinkcukacha ezithe kratya kwizinto ezikhanya kakhulu ezikufutshane, njengeenkwenkwezi ezimbini ezikufuphi esibhakabhakeni.
I-Micro Gate Array: Igridi ye-248,000 yamasango amancinci inokuvulwa okanye ivalwe ukulinganisa i-spectrum - ukusabalalisa ukukhanya ukuya kuma-wavelengths e-constituent - kumanqaku angama-100 kwisakhelo esinye.
I-Spectrometer: Igrayiti okanye iprism yohlula ukukhanya kwesiganeko sibe yi-spectrum ukubonisa ubunzulu bobude bobude obubodwa.
Iikhamera: I-JWST ineekhamera ezintathu-ezimbini ezibamba ukukhanya kwi-infrared wavelengths ekufutshane kwaye enye ibamba ukukhanya kumbindi we-infrared wavelengths.
Iyunithi yentsimi edibeneyo: Ikhamera edibeneyo kunye ne-spectrometer ibamba umfanekiso kunye ne-spectrum ye-pixel nganye, ebonisa ukuba ukukhanya kutshintsha njani kwintsimi yokujonga.
IiCoronagraphs: Ilitha elisuka kwiinkwenkwezi eziqaqambileyo linokuthintela ukukhanya okufiphele kwiiplanethi kunye neediski zenkunkuma ezijikeleza ezo nkwenkwezi.Ii-Coronographs zizangqa ezi-opaque ezivala ukukhanya kweenkwenkwezi eziqaqambileyo kwaye zivumele iimpawu ezibuthathaka ukuba zidlule.
I-Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS) / kufuphi ne-Infrared Imager kunye ne-Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS): I-FGS yikhamera yokukhomba enceda ukukhomba i-telescope kwicala elifanelekileyo.Ipakishwe nge-NIRISS enekhamera kunye ne-spectrometer enokuthi ifote kufuphi nemifanekiso ye-infrared kunye ne-spectra.
Kufuphi ne-Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSpec): Le spectrometer ikhethekileyo ngaxeshanye inokufumana i-spectra ye-100 ngoluhlu lwee-microshutters.Esi sisixhobo sokuqala esikwaziyo ukwenza uhlalutyo lwembonakalo yezinto ezininzi ngaxeshanye.
Kufuphi neKhamera ye-infrared (NIRCam): Esona sixhobo sodwa esikufuphi ne-infrared esine-coronagraph, i-NIRCam iya kuba sisixhobo esiphambili sokufunda ii-exoplanets ekunokukhanya kuzo kungasitha ilitha leenkwenkwezi ezikufutshane.Iya kubamba i-high-resolution kufuphi ne-infrared imifanekiso kunye ne-spectra.
Isixhobo se-Mid-Infrared (MIRI): Le ndibaniselwano yekhamera/i-spectrograph kuphela kwesixhobo kwi-JWST esikwazi ukubona ukukhanya okuphakathi kwe-infrared okukhutshwa zizinto ezipholileyo ezifana neediski zenkunkuma ezijikeleze iinkwenkwezi kunye neminyele ekude kakhulu.
Izazinzulu kwafuneka zenze uhlengahlengiso ukuze ziguqule idatha ekrwada yeJWST ibe yinto enokuthandwa liliso lomntu, kodwa imifanekiso yayo “yeyokwenene,” watsho uAlyssa Pagan, injineli yemibono yenzululwazi kwiSpace Telescope Science Institute.“Ngaba ngokwenene le nto besiza kuyibona ukuba besikhona?Impendulo nguhayi, kuba amehlo ethu awadalelwanga ukuba abone kwi-infrared, yaye iiteleskopu zinovelwano ngakumbi ekukhanyeni kunamehlo ethu.”Umbono owandisiweyo weteleskopu usenza sikwazi ukubona ezi zinto zendalo ngokoqobo ngakumbi kunokuba amehlo ethu alinganiselwe ngokwentelekiso.I-JWST inokuthatha imifanekiso isebenzisa ukuya kuthi ga kwi-27 izihluzo ezithatha uluhlu olwahlukileyo lwe-infrared spectrum.Izazinzulu ziqala zahlulahlula olona luhlu lusebenzayo lomfanekiso onikiweyo kwaye zilinganise amaxabiso okukhanya ukuveza iinkcukacha ezininzi kangangoko kunokwenzeka.Emva koko banika isihluzi ngasinye se-infrared umbala kwi-spectrum ebonakalayo- obona bude bufutshane baba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngelixa ubude bamaza baba luhlaza kwaye babomvu.Zidibanise kwaye ushiyeke nebhalansi emhlophe eqhelekileyo, umahluko kunye noseto lwemibala enokwenziwa nguwuphi na umfoti.
Ngelixa imifanekiso enemibala egcweleyo iyamangalisa, uninzi lwezinto ezifunyanisiweyo ezinomdla zenziwa ubude obunye ngexesha.Apha, isixhobo se-NIRSpec sibonisa iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zeTarantula Nebula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyoizihluzi.Umzekelo, i-athom ye-athom ye-hydrogen (ebhlowu) ikhupha amaza obude ukusuka kwinkwenkwezi esembindini kunye namaqamza ayingqongileyo.Phakathi kwabo kukho i-molecular hydrogen (eluhlaza) kunye ne-hydrocarbons enzima (ebomvu).Ubungqina bucebisa ukuba iqela leenkwenkwezi kwikona esezantsi ekunene yesakhelo ivuthela uthuli nerhasi ngakwinkwenkwezi esembindini.
Eli nqaku lapapashwa okokuqala kwiScientific American 327, 6, 42-45 (Disemba 2022) njenge "Emva kweMifanekiso".
UJen Christiansen ngumhleli wemizobo ephezulu kwiScientific American.Landela uChristiansen kuTwitter @ChristiansenJen
nguMhleli oMkhulu weSithuba kunye neFiziksi kwiSayensi yaseMelika.Unesidanga se-bachelor kwi-astronomy kunye nefiziksi kwiYunivesithi yaseWesile kunye nesidanga senkosi kubuntatheli besayensi kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, eSanta Cruz.Landela uMoskowitz kuTwitter @ClaraMoskowitz.Ifoto ngoncedo lukaNick Higgins.
Fumana isayensi etshintsha ihlabathi.Phonononga uvimba wethu wedijithali ukusukela ngo-1845, kuquka amanqaku asuka ngaphezulu kwe-150 yabawongwa ngewonga leNobel.