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laga soo sheegay shaandhaynta korantada kiimikaad ee boron aan qabanayn borons khafiif ah.Saamayntan gaarka ah waxaa lagu gaaraa in lagu daro boron bulk ah oo lagu daro mesh bir ah oo kicisa socodka korantada oo u furaysa meel loogu talagalay boron-soo-saarka iyada oo la adeegsanayo istaraatiijiyadan waxtarka leh.Tijaabooyinka lagu sameeyo electrolytes kala duwan ayaa bixiya qalab awood leh oo lagu helo jajabyada borene ee wejiyada kala duwan oo leh dhumucdiisuna tahay ~ 3-6 nm.Waxa kale oo la daaha ka qaaday oo laga hadlay habka loo isticmaalo ka takhalusidda boron-kiimka.Sidaa daraadeed, habka la soo jeediyay wuxuu u adeegi karaa qalab cusub oo loogu talagalay wax soo saarka ballaaran ee burooyinka khafiifka ah ee khafiifka ah iyo dardargelinta horumarinta cilmi-baarista ee la xidhiidha burs iyo codsiyadooda suurtagalka ah.
Qalabka laba-geesoodka ah (2D) ayaa helay xiiso badan sannadihii la soo dhaafay sababtoo ah sifooyinkooda gaarka ah sida korantada korantada ama meelaha caanka ah ee firfircoon.Horumarinta qalabka graphene ayaa soo jiitay dareenka qalabka kale ee 2D, sidaas darteed qalabka cusub ee 2D ayaa si weyn loo baaray.Marka lagu daro graphene-ka caanka ah, kala-guurka dichalcogenides (TMD) sida WS21, MoS22, MoSe3, iyo WSe4 ayaa sidoo kale si adag loo bartay dhawaan.Marka laga reebo walxaha aan kor ku soo sheegnay, boron nitride laba geesood ah (hBN), fosfooraska madow iyo boronene dhowaan si guul leh loo soo saaray.Waxaa ka mid ah, boron wuxuu soo jiitay dareen badan sida mid ka mid ah hababka ugu da'da yar ee laba-geesoodka ah.Waxay u egtahay sida graphene laakiin waxay soo bandhigtaa sifooyin xiiso leh sababtoo ah anisotropy, polymorphism iyo qaab dhismeedka crystal.Burk boron wuxuu u muuqdaa inuu yahay dhismaha aasaasiga ah ee B12 icosahedron, laakiin noocyada kala duwan ee kirismaska ​​boron ayaa lagu sameeyay iyada oo loo marayo hababka isku xidhka iyo isku xidhka ee kala duwan ee B12.Natiijo ahaan, baloogyada boron-ka ayaa ah kuwa aan loo kala saarin sida graphene ama graphite, taas oo adkeynaysa habka helitaanka boron.Intaa waxaa dheer, noocyo badan oo polymorphic ah oo borophene ah (tusaale, α, β, α1, pmmm) ayaa ka dhigaya xitaa mid aad u adag5.Marxaladaha kala duwan ee la gaaro inta lagu guda jiro iskudhafka ayaa si toos ah u saameeya sifooyinka harrows.Sidaa darteed, horumarinta hababka synthetic ee suurtogalka ah in la helo borocenes weji-gaar ah oo leh cabbiro waaweyn oo lateral ah iyo dhumuc yar oo jilicsan ayaa hadda u baahan daraasad qoto dheer.
Hababka badan ee synthesizing alaabta 2D waxay ku salaysan yihiin hababka sonochemical kaas oo alaabta bulk waxaa lagu meeleeyaa dareere ah, sida caadiga ah dareere organic, iyo sonicated dhowr saacadood.Ranjan iyo al.6 waxay si guul leh uga soo saareen boron bulk ah oo galay borophene iyadoo la adeegsanayo habka kor lagu sharaxay.Waxay daraasad ku sameeyeen noocyo kala duwan oo dareere ah (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, DMF, DMSO) waxayna muujiyeen in sonication exfoliation ay tahay hab fudud oo lagu helo jajabyo boron ah oo waaweyn oo dhuuban.Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay muujiyeen in habka Hummers ee la beddelay sidoo kale loo isticmaali karo in lagu sii daayo boron.Kala saarista dareeraha waxaa muujiyay kuwa kale: Lin et al.7 waxay isticmaashay boron crystalline il si ay u soo saarto xaashida lakabka hoose ee β12-borene waxayna sii isticmaashay baytariyada lithium-sulfur-ku salaysan borene, iyo Li et al.8 ayaa muujiyay xaashida boronene ee lakabka hoose..Waxaa lagu heli karaa by synthesis sonochemical oo loo isticmaalo sida a koronto super capacitor ah.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, kaydinta lakabka atomiga (ALD) sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah hababka hoos-u-dhigga ee boron.Mannix et al.9 atomamka boron ku shubay taageero lacag ah atomi ahaan saafi ah.Habkani waxa uu suurtogal ka dhigayaa in la helo xaashiyo boronene ah oo aadka u saafiga ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee wax soo saarka shaybaadhka boronene ayaa si aad ah u xaddidan sababtoo ah xaaladaha nidaamka qallafsan (vacuum ultra-high vacuum).Sidaa darteed, waxaa muhiim ah in la horumariyo xeelado wax ku ool ah oo cusub oo loogu talagalay soo saarista boron-ka, sharax habka koriinka/habaynta, ka dibna la sameeyo falanqaynta aragtida saxda ah ee hantideeda, sida polymorphism, wareejinta korantada iyo kulaylka.H. Liu iyo al.10 ayaa ka hadlay oo sharaxay habka koritaanka boron ee Cu(111) substrates.Waxaa soo baxday in atamka boronku ay u muuqdaan inay sameeyaan kooxo cufan oo 2D ah oo ku salaysan unugyo saddex xagal ah, iyo tamarta samaynta si joogto ah hoos ayey u dhacdaa iyadoo la kordhinayo xajmiga kutlada, taasoo soo jeedinaysa in 2D boron-kutooyin ku yaal substrates naxaas ah ay u koraan si aan xad lahayn.Falanqaynta faahfaahsan ee xaashida boron-ka ee laba-geesoodka ah waxaa soo bandhigay D. Li et al.11, halkaas oo substrates kala duwan lagu sharraxay lagana hadlay codsiyada suurtagalka ah.Waxaa si cad loo tilmaamay inay jiraan farqi u dhexeeya xisaabinta aragtida iyo natiijooyinka tijaabada ah.Sidaa darteed, xisaabinta aragtida ayaa loo baahan yahay si si buuxda loo fahmo sifooyinka iyo hababka koritaanka boron.Hal dariiqo oo lagu gaaro yoolkan waa in la isticmaalo cajalad dhejis ah oo fudud si meesha looga saaro boron, laakiin tani wali aad ayey u yar tahay in la baaro sifooyinka aasaasiga ah oo wax laga beddelo codsigeeda la taaban karo12.
Habka rajo-gelinta leh ee injineernimada ka fujinaya walxaha 2D ee alaabta badan waa diirinta korantada.Halkan mid ka mid ah korantada ayaa ka kooban walxo badan.Guud ahaan, xeryahooda sida caadiga ah lagu nadiifiyo hababka korantada kiimikada ayaa ah kuwo aad u firfircoon.Waxay diyaar u yihiin sidii qoryo ama kaniiniyo la cufan.Graphite si guul leh ayaa sidan oo kale looga saari karaa iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay korantada sare ee uu leeyahay.Achi iyo kooxdiisa14 waxay si guul leh u nadiifiyeen garaafyada iyagoo u beddelaya ulaha garaafka garaafka garaafka ee joogitaanka xuubka loo isticmaalo si looga hortago burburka alaabta badan.Laminatesyada kale ee waaweyn ayaa si guul leh loogu soo saaray si la mid ah, tusaale ahaan, iyadoo la isticmaalayo Janus15 delamination electrochemical.Sidoo kale, fosfooraska madaw ee lakabka ah ayaa si elektaroonik ah loo jeexjeexay, iyadoo aysidhka ion electrolyte-ka ah ay ku faafaan meel bannaan oo u dhaxaysa lakabyada iyada oo ay ugu wacan tahay koronta codsatay.Nasiib darro, isla hab la mid ah si fudud looguma dabaqi karo shaandhaynta boron ee borophene sababtoo ah korantada korantada ee alaabta badan.Laakiin maxaa dhacaya haddii budada boron-ka dabacsan lagu daro mesh bir ah (nickel-nickel ama copper-copper) si loogu isticmaalo koronto ahaan?Suurtagal ma tahay in la kiciyo dhaqdhaqaaqa boron-ka, kaas oo loo sii kala qaybin karo koronto-kiimiko ahaan sida nidaam lakabka ah ee korantada?Waa maxay wajiga boronene lakabka hoose ee horumaray?
Daraasaddan, waxaan uga jawaabeynaa su'aalahan waxaanan muujineynaa in istiraatiijiyaddan fudud ay bixiso hab cusub oo guud oo lagu sameeyo burs khafiif ah, sida ku cad sawirka 1.
Lithium chloride (LiCl, 99.0%, CAS: 7447-41-8) iyo budada boron (B, CAS: 7440-42-8) ayaa laga soo iibsaday Sigma Aldrich (USA).Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, ≥ 99.0%, CAS: 7757-82-6) oo laga keenay Chempur (Poland).Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, CAS: 67-68-5) ee Karpinex (Poland) ayaa la isticmaalay.
Mikroskoobyada xoogga atomigga (AFM MultiMode 8 (Bruker)) waxay ku siinaysaa macluumaadka dhumucda iyo xajmiga lakabka ee walxaha lakabka ah.Mikroskoobyada gudbinta xallinta sare ee elektarooniga ah (HR-TEM) ayaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo mikroskoob FEI Tecnai F20 oo koronto ah oo 200 kV ah.Falanqaynta nuugista atomiga ah (AAS) ayaa lagu sameeyay iyadoo la adeegsanayo Hitachi Zeeman spectrophotometer nuugista atomiga polarized iyo nebulizer ololka si loo go'aamiyo guuritaanka ions birta ee xalka inta lagu jiro soo-baxa korantada.Awoodda zeta ee boronka badan ayaa la cabbiray waxaana lagu sameeyay Zeta Sizer (ZS Nano ZEN 3600, Malvern) si loo go'aamiyo awoodda dusha sare ee boronka badan.Halabuurka kiimikada iyo boqolleyda atomiiga qaraabo ee dusha shaybaarada ayaa waxaa dersay raajada sawir-qaadista (XPS).Cabbiraadaha waxaa lagu fuliyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo shucaaca Mg Ka (hν = 1253.6 eV) ee nidaamka PREVAC (Poland) oo ku qalabaysan Scienta SES 2002 falanqeeyaha tamarta elektaroonigga ah (Sweden) oo ku shaqeynaya tamar joogto ah (Ep = 50 eV).Qolka falanqaynta waxaa loo daadgureeyay cadaadis ka hooseeya 5 × 10-9 mbar.
Caadi ahaan, 0.1 g oo budo boron ah oo bilaash ah ayaa marka hore lagu cadaadiyaa saxanka mesh birta ah (nickel ama naxaas) iyadoo la isticmaalayo madbac biyo ah.Saxanku wuxuu leeyahay dhexroor 15 mm.Saxanadaha la diyaariyey ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii electrodes.Laba nooc oo elektrolyt-ka ah ayaa la isticmaalay: (i) 1 M LiCl gudaha DMSO iyo (ii) 1 M Na2SO4 oo lagu dhex isticmaalo biyaha deionized.Silig platinum ah ayaa loo isticmaalay sidii korantad caawiye ah.Jaantuska jaantuska goobta shaqada waxa lagu muujiyey Jaantuska 1. Xarigga kiimikaad kiimikaad, hadda la bixiyay (1 A, 0.5 A, ama 0.1 A) ayaa lagu dabaqayaa inta u dhaxaysa cathode iyo anode.Muddada tijaabada kasta waa 1 saac.Taas ka dib, dusha sare ayaa la ururiyey, oo la saaray 5000 rpm oo lagu dhaqay dhowr jeer (3-5 jeer) biyo deionized.
Qiyaaso kala duwan, sida wakhtiga iyo masaafada u dhaxaysa electrodes, waxay saameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka wax soo saarka ugu dambeeya ee kala-soocidda korantada.Halkan waxaan ku eegaynaa saamaynta elektrolytka, hadda la dabaqay (1 A, 0.5 A iyo 0.1 A; danab 30 V) iyo nooca grid biraha (Ni ku xiran tahay cabbirka saamaynta).Waxaa la tijaabiyay laba elektrolyt oo kala duwan: (i) 1 M lithium chloride (LiCl) oo ku jira dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) iyo (ii) 1 M sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) ee biyaha deionized (DI)Marka hore, lithium cations (Li+) waxay isu beddeli doontaa boron, taas oo la xidhiidha kharash taban oo habka.Xaaladda dambe, sulfate anion (SO42-) waxay isu beddeli doontaa boron si togan loo dallaco.
Bilawgii, falka electrolytes-ka sare waxa lagu muujiyay wakhtiga 1 A. Hawshu waxay qaadatay 1 saac oo leh laba nooc oo bir ah (Ni iyo Cu), siday u kala horreeyaan.Jaantuska 2 wuxuu muujinayaa sawirka xoogga atomiiga ah (AFM) ee walxaha ka dhashay, iyo muuqaalka dhererka u dhigma ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka S1.Intaa waxaa dheer, dhererka iyo cabbirada jajabyada lagu sameeyay tijaabo kasta ayaa lagu muujiyay Shaxda 1. Sida muuqata, marka la isticmaalayo Na2SO4 sida electrolyte, dhumucdiisuna waxay aad u yar tahay marka la isticmaalayo shabakad naxaas ah.Marka la barbar dhigo jajabyada la diiray iyadoo uu jiro qaade nikkel ah, dhumucdiisu waxay hoos u dhacaysaa ilaa 5 jeer.Waxa xiiso leh, in cabbirka cabbirka miisaanku uu la mid ahaa.Si kastaba ha noqotee, LiCl / DMSO waxay wax ku ool u ahayd habka qallafsanaanta iyadoo la adeegsanayo labadaba birta birta ah, taasoo keentay 5-15 lakabyo borocene ah, oo la mid ah dareeraha kale ee nadiifinta, taasoo keentay dhowr lakab oo borocene7,8 ah.Sidaa darteed, daraasado dheeraad ah ayaa daaha ka qaadi doona qaab-dhismeedka faahfaahsan ee shaybaarrada lagu habeeyey korantada.
Sawirada AFM ee xaashida borocene ka dib markii la soo saaro kiimikaad kiimikaad ee A Cu_Li +_1 A, B Cu_SO42−_1 A, C Ni_Li+_1 A, iyo D Ni_SO42−_1 A.
Falanqaynta ayaa lagu sameeyay iyada oo la adeegsanayo microscopy elektarooniga ah (TEM).Sida ku cad Jaantuska 3, qaabka ugu badan ee boronku waa crystalline, sida lagu caddeeyey sawirada TEM ee boron iyo boron lakabka ah, iyo sidoo kale u dhigma Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) iyo hababka kala-duwanaanshaha aagga Electron Diffraction (SAED) ee xiga.Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya shaybaarada ka dib habka delamination ayaa si fudud loogu arki karaa sawirada TEM, halkaasoo d-spacings ay ka sii fiiqan yihiin masaafadana aad uga gaaban yihiin (0.35-0.9 nm; Shaxda S2).Halka shaybaarada lagu sameeyay mesh naxaasta ah ay la mid yihiin qaab dhismeedka β-rhombohedral ee boron8, muunado ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo la isticmaalayo nikkelmeshwaafaqay saadaasha aragtiyeed ee halbeegyada xajinta: β12 iyo χ317.Tani waxay cadaysay in qaab dhismeedka borocene uu ahaa crystalline, laakiin dhumucda iyo qaabka crystal ayaa isbeddelay markii la soo saaray.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay si cad u muujinaysaa ku-tiirsanaanta shabagga loo isticmaalo (Cu ama Ni) ee crystallinity ee borene ka dhashay.Cu ama Ni, waxay noqon kartaa hal-crystal ama polycrystalline, siday u kala horreeyaan.Wax ka beddelka crystal ayaa sidoo kale laga helay farsamooyinka kale ee exfoliation18,19.Xaaladeena, tallaabada d iyo qaabka ugu dambeeya waxay si xoog leh ugu xiran yihiin nooca shabagga la isticmaalo (Ni, Cu).Kala duwanaansho la taaban karo ayaa laga heli karaa qaababka SAED, oo soo jeedinaya in habkeenu u horseedayo samaynta dhismayaal isku mid ah oo isku mid ah.Intaa waxaa dheer, khariidaynta elemental (EDX) iyo sawirka STEM waxay caddeeyeen in walxaha 2D ee la sameeyay ay ka kooban yihiin curiyaha boron (Jaantus. S5).Si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo fahmo qoto dheer ee qaab-dhismeedka, daraasado dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan sifooyinka borophenes macmal ah ayaa loo baahan yahay.Gaar ahaan, falanqaynta cidhifyada borene waa in la sii wadaa, maadaama ay door muhiim ah ka ciyaaraan xasiloonida maaddada iyo waxqabadkeeda firfircooni20,21,22.
Sawirada TEM ee boron bulk A, B Cu_Li+_1 A iyo C Ni_Li+_1 A iyo qaababka SAED ee u dhigma (A', B', C');dhaqso Fourier transform (FFT) gelinta sawirka TEM.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) ayaa la sameeyay si loo go'aamiyo heerka oksaydhaynta ee shaybaarada borene.Intii lagu jiray kululaynta shaybaarada borophene, saamiga boron-boron wuxuu kordhay min 6.97% ilaa 28.13% (Shaxda S3).Dhanka kale, dhimista boron suboxide (BO) bonds waxay ku dhacdaa inta badan sababtoo ah kala soocida oksaydhyada dusha sare iyo beddelka boron suboxide ilaa B2O3, sida lagu muujiyay qadar kordhay B2O3 ee shaybaarada.On berde.S8 waxay muujinaysaa isbeddelada saamiga isku xidhka ee boron iyo oxide curiyayaasha marka la kululeeyo.Muuqaalka guud waxa lagu muujiyay berdaha.S7.Tijaabooyinku waxay muujiyeen in boronene oksaydhized dusha sare ee boron: ratio oksaydh ee 1: 1 ka hor kulaylinta iyo 1.5:1 ka dib kulaylinta.Si aad u hesho sharaxaad faahfaahsan oo ku saabsan XPS, eeg Macluumaadka Dheeraadka ah.
Tijaabooyin xiga ayaa la sameeyay si loo tijaabiyo saamaynta hadda lagu dabaqay electrodes inta lagu jiro kala-soocidda korantada.Tijaabooyinku waxa lagu sameeyey xawliyada 0.5 A iyo 0.1 A ee LiCl/DMSO, siday u kala horreeyaan.Natiijooyinka daraasadaha AFM ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka 4, iyo qaababka dhererka u dhigma ayaa lagu muujiyay Fig.S2 iyo S3.Iyadoo la tixgelinayo in dhumucda monolayer borophene ay ku saabsan tahay 0.4 nm, 12,23 ee tijaabooyinka 0.5 A iyo joogitaanka korantada naxaasta, jilicsanaanta ugu khafiifsan waxay u dhigantaa 5-11 lakabyo borophene ah oo leh cabbir dambe oo ku saabsan 0.6-2.5 μm.Intaa waxaa dheer, in tijaabooyin lanikkelshabagyada, jajabyo leh qaybin dhumuc yar oo aad u yar (4.82-5.27 nm) ayaa la helay.Waxa xiiso leh, flakes boron-ka oo ay heleen hababka sonochemical waxay leeyihiin cabbiro jajab ah oo isku mid ah oo u dhexeeya 1.32-2.32 nm7 ama 1.8-4.7 nm8.Intaa waxaa dheer, exfoliation electrochemical ee graphene soo jeediyay Achi et al.14 waxay keentay jajabyo waaweyn (> 30 µm), kuwaas oo laga yaabo inay la xiriiraan cabbirka alaabta bilawga ah.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhumucdiisuna waxay tahay 2-7 nm.Xajmiga cabbirka lebbiska iyo dhererka dheeraadka ah waxaa lagu heli karaa iyadoo la dhimayo hadda la dabaqay laga bilaabo 1 A ilaa 0.1 A. Sidaa darteed, xakameynta halbeegga qoraalkan muhiimka ah ee alaabta 2D waa xeelad fudud.Waa in la ogaadaa in tijaabooyinka lagu sameeyay shabagga nikkel ee hadda jira 0.1 A aysan ahayn kuwo guul leh.Tan waxa u sabab ah korantada yar ee nikkel marka la barbar dhigo naxaasta iyo tamarta aan ku filnayn ee loo baahan yahay si loo sameeyo borophene24.Falanqaynta TEM ee Cu_Li+_0.5 A, Cu_Li+_0.1 A, Cu_SO42-_1 A, Ni_Li-_0.5 A iyo Ni_SO42-_1 A ayaa lagu muujiyay sawirka S3 iyo Jaantuska S4, siday u kala horreeyaan.
Xididka kiimikooyinka korantada oo ay ku xigto sawirka AFM.(A) Cu_Li+_1A, (B) Cu_Li+_0.5A, (C) Cu_Li+_0.1A, (D) Ni_Li+_1A, (E) Ni_Li+_0.5A.
Halkan waxa aanu sidoo kale soo jeedinaynaa habka suurtogalka ah ee lagu jeexjeexo daloolinta bulk ee laylinta lakabka khafiifka ah (Jaantus. 5).Markii hore, burka bulk waxaa lagu riixay shabkada Cu/Ni si loo kiciyo korantada korantada, taas oo si guul leh u codsatay danab u dhexeeya elektrodeka caawiyaha (Pt siligga) iyo korantada shaqaynaysa.Tani waxay u oggolaanaysaa ion-yadu inay u guuraan elektrolytka oo ay ku dhex milmaan maadada cathode/anode, taas oo ku xidhan korantada la isticmaalo.Falanqaynta AAS waxay muujisay in aan wax aions ah laga sii dayn mesh birta intii lagu jiray hawshan (eeg Macluumaadka Dheeraadka ah).waxay muujisay in kaliya ions ka soo baxa elektrolytka ay geli karaan qaabka boron.Boron-ganacsiyeedka badan ee loo isticmaalo geeddi-socodkan waxaa badanaa loo tixraacaa sida "boron amorphous" sababtoo ah qaybinta random ee unugyada asaasiga ah, icosahedral B12, kaas oo lagu kululeeyo 1000 ° C si loo sameeyo qaab-dhismeedka β-rhombohedral ee la amray (Jaantus. S6) 25 .Sida laga soo xigtay xogta, lithium cations si fudud ayaa loo geliyaa qaab dhismeedka boron marxaladda koowaad oo ay jeexjeexaan jajabyada baytariga B12, ugu dambeyntii samaynta qaab-dhismeedka boronene ee laba-geesoodka ah oo leh qaab dhismeed aad loo dalbaday, sida β-rhombohedra, β12 ama χ3 , iyadoo ku xidhan hadda la dabaqay iyomeshmaaddo.Si loo muujiyo xidhiidhka Li+ iyo boronka bulk iyo doorkeeda muhiimka ah ee geeddi-socodka delamination, awooddeeda zeta (ZP) waxaa lagu qiyaasay inay tahay -38 ± 3.5 mV (eeg Macluumaadka Dheeraadka ah).Qiimaha ZP-ga taban ee boron bulk wuxuu muujinayaa in isku-dhafka lithium cations togan uu ka waxtar badan yahay ion-yada kale ee loo isticmaalo daraasaddan (sida SO42-).Tani waxay sidoo kale sharxaysaa dhexgalka waxtarka badan ee Li+ ee qaab dhismeedka boron, taasoo keentay in si hufan looga saaro korantada.
Markaa, waxaanu soo saarnay hab cusub oo lagu helo boronnada lakabka hooseeya iyadoo la adeegsanayo shaandhaynta korantada ee boron-ka iyadoo la adeegsanayo xadhkaha Cu/Ni ee Li +/DMSO iyo xalalka SO42-/H2O.Waxa kale oo ay u muuqataa in ay bixiso wax soo saar heerar kala duwan iyada oo ku xidhan hadda la dabaqay iyo shabkad la isticmaalay.Habka geeddi-socodka bacriminta ayaa sidoo kale la soo jeediyay oo laga dooday.Waxaa lagu soo gabagabeyn karaa in boronene-lakabka hoose ee tayada la xakameeyey si fudud loo soo saari karo iyadoo la dooranayo mesh bir ah oo ku habboon sida boron-qaade iyo hagaajinta hadda la dabaqay, taas oo loo sii adeegsan karo cilmi-baarista aasaasiga ah ama codsiyada la taaban karo.Waxa ka sii muhiimsan, kani waa isku daygii ugu horreeyay ee lagu guulaysto ee shaandhaynta korantada ee boron.Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in waddadan sida caadiga ah loo isticmaali karo in lagu nadiifiyo walxaha aan waxtarka lahayn ee qaababka laba-geesoodka ah.Si kastaba ha ahaatee, faham wanaagsan oo ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka iyo sifooyinka burooyinka lakabka hoose ee la isku daray ayaa loo baahan yahay, iyo sidoo kale cilmi-baaris dheeraad ah.
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Mesh silig nickel waa nooc ka mid ah siliga warshadahamarolaga sameeyay silig nikkel ah.Waxaa lagu gartaa adkeysigeeda, korantada korantada, iyo iska caabbinta daxalka iyo miridhku.Sababo la xiriira sifooyinkeeda gaarka ah, mesh silig nikkel ayaa caadi ahaan loo isticmaalaa codsiyada sida sifeynta, shaandhaynta, iyo kala soocida warshadaha sida hawada hawada, kiimikaad, iyo habaynta cuntada.Waxaa lagu heli karaa tiro balaadhan oo ah cabbirada mesh iyo dhexroorka siliga si ay ugu habboonaato shuruudaha kala duwan.