Umicore Electroplating mubudage ikoresha ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa electrolytike anode.Muri ubu buryo, platine ishyirwa mubikoresho fatizo nka titanium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, ibyuma bitagira umwanda hamwe na nikel alloy mu bwogero bwumunyu ushonga kuri 550 ° C munsi ya argon.
Igishushanyo 2: Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa electroplated platine / titanium anode igumana imiterere yayo mugihe kirekire.
Igishushanyo 3: Kwagura mesh Pt / Ti anode.Icyuma cyagutse cyagutse gitanga uburyo bwiza bwo gutwara electrolyte.Intera iri hagati ya anode na cathode irashobora kugabanuka kandi ubucucike buriho bwiyongereye.Igisubizo: ubuziranenge bwiza mugihe gito.
Igishushanyo 4: Ubugari bwa mesh kumurongo wagutse wa mesh anode irashobora guhinduka.Mesh itanga umuvuduko wa electrolyte no gukuraho gaze neza.
Isonga ikurikiranirwa hafi kwisi yose.Muri Amerika, abashinzwe ubuzima n’aho bakorera bakomeje kuburira.Nubwo imyaka myinshi yubucuruzi bwamashanyarazi mugukoresha ibikoresho bishobora guteza akaga, ibyuma bikomeje kurebwa cyane.
Kurugero, umuntu wese ukoresha anode muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika agomba kwiyandikisha muri EPA ya Federal Toxic Chemical Release Register.Niba isosiyete ikora amashanyarazi itunganya kg 29 gusa ziyobora kumwaka, biracyakenewe kwiyandikisha.
Kubwibyo, birakenewe gushakisha ubundi buryo muri Amerika.Ntabwo gusa isonga ya anode ikomeye ya chromium isahani isa nkaho ihendutse ukireba, hari nibibi byinshi:
Anode ihagaze neza ni uburyo bushimishije bwo gufata chromium ikomeye (reba Ishusho 2) hamwe na platine hejuru ya titanium cyangwa niobium nka substrate.
Platinum yubatswe anode itanga ibyiza byinshi kurenza plaque ya chromium.Ibi birimo inyungu zikurikira:
Kubisubizo byiza, hindura anode mugushushanya igice cyo gutwikirwa.Ibi bituma bishoboka kubona anode ifite ibipimo bihamye (amasahani, silinderi, T-shusho na U-shusho), mugihe anode iyobora cyane cyane impapuro cyangwa inkoni.
Pt / Ti na Pt / Nb anode ntabwo ifunze hejuru, ahubwo yaguye amabati afite ubunini bwa mesh.Ibi biganisha ku gukwirakwiza ingufu, imirima yamashanyarazi irashobora gukorera no murusobe (reba Ishusho 3).
Kubwibyo, ntoya intera iri hagati yaanodena cathode, hejuru ya flux ubwinshi bwa coating.Imirongo irashobora gukoreshwa byihuse: umusaruro uriyongera.Gukoresha gride hamwe nubuso bunini bwubuso burashobora kunoza cyane imiterere yo gutandukana.
Ihame ryimiterere irashobora kugerwaho muguhuza platine na titanium.Ibyuma byombi bitanga ibipimo byiza bya plaque ya chrome.Kurwanya platine ni bike cyane, gusa 0.107 Ohm × mm2 / m.Agaciro k'isasu hafi kabiri kurongora (0,208 ohm × mm2 / m).Titanium ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa, icyakora ubwo bushobozi buragabanuka imbere ya halide.Kurugero, kumeneka voltage ya titanium muri chloride irimo electrolytite iri hagati ya 10 na 15 V, bitewe na pH.Ibi birarenze cyane ibya niobium (35 kugeza 50 V) na tantalumu (70 kugeza 100 V).
Titanium ifite ibibi muburyo bwo kurwanya ruswa muri acide ikomeye nka sulfurike, nitric, hydrofluoric, oxalic na methanesulfonic acide.Ariko,titaniumiracyahitamo neza kubera imashini nigiciro cyayo.
Gushyira igipande cya platine kuri substrate ya titanium nibyiza gukorwa mumashanyarazi nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa electrolysis (HTE) mumunyu ushongeshejwe.Inzira ihanitse ya HTE itanga neza neza: mu bwogero bwa 550 ° C bwogejwe bukozwe mu ruvange rwa potasiyumu na sodium cyanide irimo platine igera kuri 1% kugeza kuri 3%, ibyuma by'agaciro bishyirwa mu mashanyarazi kuri titanium.Substrate ifunzwe muri sisitemu ifunze hamwe na argon, kandi ubwogero bwumunyu buri muburyo bubiri.Imiyoboro kuva 1 kugeza 5 A / dm2 itanga igipimo cyokwirinda mikoro 10 kugeza kuri 50 kumasaha hamwe nubushyuhe bwa 0.5 kugeza 2 V.
Anode ya platine ukoresheje inzira ya HTE yarushije cyane anode yashizwemo na electrolyte y'amazi.Ubuziranenge bwamavuta ya platine ava mumunyu ushongeshejwe byibuze byibuze 99.9%, ibyo bikaba birenze cyane ugereranije nibice bya platine byashyizwe mubisubizo byamazi.Byateye imbere cyane guhindagurika, gufatira hamwe no kurwanya ruswa hamwe nimpagarara zimbere.
Mugihe utekereza kunonosora igishushanyo cya anode, icyingenzi nukuzamura imiterere yinkunga hamwe na anode itanga amashanyarazi.Igisubizo cyiza ni ugushyushya no guhuha urupapuro rwa titanium hejuru yumuringa.Umuringa nuyobora neza kandi urwanya hafi 9% gusa ya Pb / Sn.Amashanyarazi ya CuTi yemeza ko imbaraga nke zitakara gusa kuri anode, bityo igabana ryubugari bwurwego ku nteko ya cathode nimwe.
Iyindi ngaruka nziza nuko ubushyuhe buke butangwa.Ibisabwa bikonje biragabanuka kandi platine yambara kuri anode iragabanuka.Kurwanya ruswa ya titanium irinda intoki z'umuringa.Mugihe usubiramo ibyuma byagutse, sukura kandi utegure gusa ikadiri na / cyangwa amashanyarazi.Birashobora gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi.
Ukurikije aya mabwiriza yo gushushanya, urashobora gukoresha moderi ya Pt / Ti cyangwa Pt / Nb kugirango ukore "anode nziza" yo gushiraho chromium ikomeye.Icyitegererezo gihamye kigura amafaranga menshi murwego rwo gushora kuruta kuyobora anode.Ariko, mugihe usuzumye ikiguzi muburyo burambuye, moderi ya platine yometse kuri titanium irashobora kuba uburyo bushimishije muburyo bukomeye bwa chrome.
Ibi biterwa nisesengura ryuzuye kandi ryuzuye ryigiciro rusange cyibisanzwe bisanzwe hamwe na platine anode.
Umunani uyobora anode (mm 1700 z'uburebure na mm 40 z'umurambararo) wakozwe muri PbSn7 wagereranijwe na anode nini ya Pt / Ti anode ya chromium isize ibice bya silindrike.Umusaruro wa anode umunani igura amayero 1.400 (1.471 US $), ukireba nkaho ahendutse.Ishoramari risabwa kugirango utezimbere Pt / Ti anode isabwa ni hejuru cyane.Igiciro cyambere cyo kugura ni 7,000 euro.Platinum irangiza ihenze cyane.Gusa ibyuma byagaciro bifite 45% byamafaranga.Ububiko bwa platine 2,5 µm busaba 11.3 g yicyuma cyagaciro kuri buri anode umunani.Ku giciro cyama euro 35 kuri garama, ibi bihuye nama euro 3160.
Mugihe kuyobora anode bisa nkaho ari amahitamo meza, ibi birashobora guhinduka vuba mugenzuye neza.Nyuma yimyaka itatu gusa, igiciro cyose cya sisitemu anode irenze cyane icyitegererezo cya Pt / Ti.Kurugero rwo kubara kubara, fata uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha flux ya 40 A / dm2.Nkigisubizo, ingufu zitembera hejuru ya anode ya 168 dm2 yari 6720 amperes kumasaha 6700 yo gukora mumyaka itatu.Ibi bihuye niminsi 220 yakazi kumasaha 10 yakazi kumwaka.Mugihe platine ihindura igisubizo, ubunini bwurwego rwa platine bugabanuka buhoro buhoro.Kurugero, iyi ifatwa nka garama 2 kuri miliyoni amp-masaha.
Hariho impamvu nyinshi zituma inyungu za Pt / Ti ziyobora anode.Byongeye kandi, kugabanya gukoresha amashanyarazi (igiciro 0.14 EUR / kWt ukuyemo 14.800 kWh / mwaka) igura hafi 2000 EUR kumwaka.Byongeye kandi, ntagikenewe ikiguzi cyumwaka kingana namayero 500 yo kujugunya imyanda ya chromate yamashanyarazi, hamwe nama euro 1000 yo kubungabunga no guta igihe - kubara cyane.
Igiciro cyose cya anode mu myaka itatu yari € 14.400 ($ 15.130).Igiciro cya Pt / Ti anode ni 12.020 euro, harimo no kwisubiraho.Ndetse utitaye kumafaranga yo kubungabunga nigihe cyo gukora (1000 euro kumunsi kumwaka), ingingo-yo kugerwaho igerwaho nyuma yimyaka itatu.Kuva iyi ngingo, ikinyuranyo hagati yabo cyiyongera cyane kuruhande rwa Pt / Ti anode.
Inganda nyinshi zifashisha inyungu zinyuranye zubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa platine yubatswe na electrolytike anode.Amatara, semiconductor hamwe nabakora ibicuruzwa byumuzunguruko, ibinyabiziga, hydraulics, ubucukuzi bwamabuye y'agaciro, amazi yo koga hamwe na pisine byishingikiriza kuri tekinoroji yo gutwikira.Porogaramu nyinshi zizatezwa imbere mugihe kizaza, kuko ikiguzi kirambye no gutekereza kubidukikije ari impungenge z'igihe kirekire.Nkigisubizo, kuyobora bishobora guhura nubushakashatsi bwiyongera.
Ingingo y'umwimerere yasohotse mu kidage mu ikoranabuhanga rya buri mwaka (Vol. 71, 2015) ryateguwe na Prof. Timo Sörgel wo muri kaminuza ya Aalen y’ubumenyi ngiro, mu Budage.Tuyikesha Eugen G. Leuze Verlag, Bad Saulgau / Ubudage.
Mubikorwa byinshi byo kurangiza ibyuma, mask ikoreshwa, aho uduce tumwe na tumwe twubuso bwigice tugomba gutunganyirizwa.Ahubwo, masking irashobora gukoreshwa hejuru yububiko aho bidakenewe kuvurwa cyangwa bigomba kwirindwa.Iyi ngingo ikubiyemo ibintu byinshi byerekana ibyuma birangiza, harimo porogaramu, tekinoroji, nubwoko butandukanye bwa masike yakoreshejwe.