Nkuko umucyo ugenda mu kirere, uramburwa no kwaguka kwisi.Niyo mpamvu byinshi mubintu bya kure cyane bimurika muri infragre, ifite uburebure burebure kuruta urumuri rugaragara.Ntidushobora kubona urumuri rwa kera n'amaso, ariko James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) yagenewe kuyifata, igaragaza zimwe muri galaxy za kera zabayeho.
Masking Aperture: Yatoboyeicyumaisahani ihagarika urumuri rwinjira muri telesikope, rukayemerera kwigana interterometero ihuza amakuru kuva kuri telesikope nyinshi kugirango igere ku cyemezo cyo hejuru kuruta lens imwe.Ubu buryo buzana ibisobanuro birambuye mubintu byiza cyane byegeranye cyane, nkinyenyeri ebyiri zegeranye mu kirere.
Micro Gate Array: Urusobe rwamarembo 248.000 arashobora gufungurwa cyangwa gufungwa kugirango bapime urwego - ikwirakwizwa ryumucyo kumurambararo wacyo - ku ngingo 100 mumurongo umwe.
Spectrometer: Grating cyangwa prism itandukanya urumuri rwibyabaye murwego rwo kwerekana ubukana bwumuraba wihariye.
Kamera: JWST ifite kamera eshatu - ebyiri zifata urumuri muburebure bwumurambararo wa infragre hamwe nimwe ifata urumuri hagati yumurambararo wo hagati.
Igice cyibanze: Kamera hamwe na ecran ya ecran ifata ishusho hamwe na ecran ya buri pigiseli, yerekana uburyo urumuri ruhinduka murwego rwo kureba.
Coronagraphs: Kurabagirana kwinyenyeri zaka birashobora guhagarika urumuri rudakabije ku mibumbe na disiki yimyanda izenguruka izo nyenyeri.Coronographs ni uruziga rutagaragara ruzitira urumuri rwinyenyeri kandi rutanga ibimenyetso bidakomeye kunyuramo.
Icyerekezo Cyiza (FGS) / Hafi ya Infrared Imager na Spectless Spectrometer (NIRISS): FGS ni kamera yerekana ifasha kwerekana telesikope muburyo bwiza.Yapakishijwe na NIRISS ifite kamera na spekrometrike ishobora gufata hafi amashusho ya infragre na ecran.
Hafi ya Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSpec): Iyi spekrometrike yihariye irashobora kubona icyarimwe icyerekezo 100 ikoresheje microshutters.Nibikoresho byambere byumwanya ushoboye gukora isesengura ryibintu byinshi icyarimwe.
Hafi ya Kamera ya Infrared (NIRCam): Igikoresho cyonyine cyegereye infragre hamwe na coronagraph, NIRCam izaba igikoresho cyingenzi cyo kwiga exoplanets urumuri rwarwo rutagaragara neza nurumuri rwinyenyeri zegeranye.Izafata ibyemezo bihanitse hafi-ya-infragre amashusho na spekure.
Igikoresho cyo hagati (MIRI): Iyi kamera / spectrograph ikomatanya nicyo gikoresho cyonyine muri JWST gishobora kubona urumuri rwagati rwagati rutangwa nibintu bikonje nka disiki yimyanda ikikije inyenyeri na galaktike za kure cyane.
Abahanga mu bya siyansi bagombaga kugira ibyo bahindura kugira ngo amakuru ya JWST ahinduke ikintu ijisho ry'umuntu rishobora gushima, ariko amashusho yacyo ni “ay'ukuri”, nk'uko byavuzwe na Alyssa Pagan, inzobere mu iyerekwa ry'ubumenyi mu kigo cy’ubumenyi cya Space Telescope.Ati: "Ibi nibyo koko twareba niba duhari?Igisubizo ni oya, kubera ko amaso yacu atagenewe kubona muri infragre, kandi telesikopi yumva cyane urumuri kuruta amaso yacu. ”Umwanya wagutse wa telesikope uradufasha kubona ibyo bintu byo mu kirere byukuri kuruta amaso yacu make.JWST irashobora gufata amashusho ukoresheje gushungura bigera kuri 27 bifata intera zitandukanye za infragre.Abahanga babanza gutandukanya ingirakamaro zingirakamaro kumurongo watanzwe kandi bapima indangagaciro zumucyo kugirango bahishure byinshi bishoboka.Bahise bashiraho buri infragre ya filteri ibara muburyo bugaragara - uburebure bwigihe gito bwabaye ubururu, mugihe uburebure burebure bwabaye icyatsi n'umutuku.Shyira hamwe hanyuma usigare hamwe nuburinganire busanzwe bwera, itandukaniro hamwe nibara ryamabara uwabafotora wese ashobora gukora.
Mugihe amashusho yuzuye yibara ashimishije, ibintu byinshi bishimishije bivumburwa bikozwe muburebure bumwe icyarimwe.Hano, igikoresho cya NIRSpec cyerekana ibintu bitandukanye biranga Tarantula Nebula binyuze muburyo butandukanyemuyunguruzi.Kurugero, hydrogène atomike (ubururu) irasa uburebure bwumuraba kuva inyenyeri yo hagati hamwe nudusimba twinshi.Hagati yabyo harimo ibimenyetso bya hydrogène ya hydrogène (icyatsi) na hydrocarbone igoye (umutuku).Ibimenyetso byerekana ko inyenyeri cluster iri hepfo yiburyo yikadiri irimo guhuha umukungugu na gaze yerekeza ku nyenyeri yo hagati.
Iyi ngingo yasohotse bwa mbere muri Scientific American 327, 6, 42-45 (Ukuboza 2022) nka "Inyuma y Amashusho".
Jen Christianen ni umwanditsi mukuru ushinzwe ibishushanyo muri Scientific American.Kurikira Christianen kuri Twitter @ChristiansenJen
ni Umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe Umwanya na Fizika muri Scientific American.Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bumenyi bw'ikirere na fiziki yakuye muri kaminuza ya Wesleyan ndetse n'impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu itangazamakuru ry'ubumenyi yakuye muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Santa Cruz.Kurikira Moskowitz kuri Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz.Ifoto tuyikesha Nick Higgins.
Menya siyanse ihindura isi.Shakisha ububiko bwa digitale bwatangiye mu 1845, harimo ingingo zabahawe igihembo cyitiriwe Nobel kirenga 150.