Umicore Electroplating ku Germany amagwiritsa ntchito ma electrolytic anode otentha kwambiri.Pochita izi, platinamu imayikidwa pazida zoyambira monga titaniyamu, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi nickel alloys mumchere wosungunuka wa 550 ° C pansi pa argon.
Chithunzi 2: Kutentha kwakukulu kwa electroplated platinamu / titaniyamu anode kumasunga mawonekedwe ake kwa nthawi yayitali.
Chithunzi 3: Mesh yowonjezera Pt/Ti anode.Mesh yachitsulo yowonjezera imapereka kayendedwe kabwino ka electrolyte.Mtunda pakati pa anode ndi cathode ukhoza kuchepetsedwa ndipo kachulukidwe kameneka kamawonjezeka.Zotsatira zake: zabwinoko munthawi yochepa.
Chithunzi 4: M'lifupi mwa mauna pa zitsulo zowonjezera zitsulo anode zitha kusinthidwa.Ma mesh amathandizira kufalikira kwa electrolyte ndikuchotsa bwino gasi.
Kutsogolera kumawonedwa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi.Ku US, akuluakulu azaumoyo ndi malo antchito amatsatira machenjezo awo.Ngakhale zaka zambiri zamakampani opanga ma electroplating pothana ndi zida zowopsa, zitsulo zikupitilizabe kuwonedwa mozama kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, aliyense amene akugwiritsa ntchito lead anode ku United States ayenera kulembetsa ku Register ya EPA ya federal Toxic Chemical Release Register.Ngati kampani yopanga ma electroplating imangoyenda pafupifupi 29 kg ya lead pachaka, kulembetsa kumafunikabe.
Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana njira ina ku USA.Sikuti chomera chotsogolera cha anode cholimba cha chromium plating chimawoneka chotchipa poyang'ana koyamba, palinso zovuta zambiri:
Dimensionally stable anode ndi njira yosangalatsa yopangira chromium plating (onani mkuyu 2) yokhala ndi platinamu pamwamba pa titaniyamu kapena niobium ngati gawo lapansi.
Platinum zokutira anode amapereka zabwino zambiri kuposa plating cholimba chromium.Izi zikuphatikizapo ubwino wotsatirawu:
Kuti mupeze zotsatira zabwino, sinthani anode kuti agwirizane ndi kapangidwe ka gawo loti azikutidwa.Izi zimapangitsa kuti mupeze ma anode okhala ndi miyeso yokhazikika (mbale, masilindala, mawonekedwe a T ndi mawonekedwe a U), pomwe anode otsogolera amakhala makamaka mapepala kapena ndodo.
Pt/Ti ndi Pt/Nb anode alibe malo otsekedwa, koma mapepala achitsulo owonjezera okhala ndi kukula kwa mauna.Izi zimabweretsa kugawa bwino kwa mphamvu, minda yamagetsi imatha kugwira ntchito mkati ndi kuzungulira maukonde (onani mkuyu 3).
Choncho, ang'onoang'ono mtunda pakati paanodendi cathode, ndipamwamba kuchulukirachulukira kwa zokutira.Zigawo zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu: zokolola zimachulukitsidwa.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa ma gridi okhala ndi malo akuluakulu ogwira ntchito kungathe kusintha kwambiri mikhalidwe yolekanitsa.
Kukhazikika kwamkati kumatha kutheka pophatikiza platinamu ndi titaniyamu.Zitsulo zonsezi zimapereka magawo abwino kwambiri pakupanga chrome cholimba.The resistivity wa platinamu ndi otsika kwambiri, okha 0.107 Ohm×mm2/m.Mtengo wa lead ndi pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa wa lead (0.208 ohm×mm2/m).Titaniyamu imakhala ndi kukana kwambiri kwa dzimbiri, komabe kuthekera uku kumachepetsedwa pamaso pa halides.Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yosweka ya titaniyamu mu ma electrolyte okhala ndi chloride imachokera pa 10 mpaka 15 V, kutengera pH.Izi ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa za niobium (35 mpaka 50 V) ndi tantalum (70 mpaka 100 V).
Titaniyamu ili ndi zovuta zake pankhani ya kukana dzimbiri mu ma acid amphamvu monga sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, oxalic ndi methanesulfonic acid.Komabe,titaniyamuakadali kusankha bwino chifukwa machinability ake ndi mtengo.
The mafunsidwe a wosanjikiza platinamu pa titaniyamu gawo lapansi bwino ikuchitika electrochemically ndi mkulu kutentha electrolysis (HTE) mu mchere wosungunuka.Njira yaukadaulo ya HTE imatsimikizira zokutira zolondola: mu bafa losungunuka la 550 ° C lopangidwa kuchokera kusakaniza kwa potaziyamu ndi sodium cyanides yokhala ndi pafupifupi 1% mpaka 3% platinamu, chitsulo chamtengo wapatalicho chimayikidwa pa titaniyamu ndi electrochemically.Gawo lapansi limatsekedwa mu dongosolo lotsekedwa ndi argon, ndipo kusamba kwa mchere kuli muwiri crucible.Ma Currents kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 5 A/dm2 amapereka insulation rate ya 10 mpaka 50 microns pa ola limodzi ndi mphamvu yakutchingira ya 0.5 mpaka 2 V.
Manode opangidwa ndi pulasitiki pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya HTE apambana kwambiri ma anode ophimbidwa ndi electrolyte yamadzi.Kuyera kwa zokutira za platinamu kuchokera ku mchere wosungunula ndi osachepera 99.9%, omwe ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa zigawo za platinamu zomwe zimayikidwa kuchokera ku njira zamadzimadzi.Kupititsa patsogolo kwambiri ductility, adhesion ndi kukana dzimbiri ndi kupsinjika kochepa mkati.
Poganizira kukhathamiritsa kapangidwe ka anode, chofunikira kwambiri ndikukhathamiritsa kwa mawonekedwe othandizira komanso mphamvu ya anode.Njira yabwino ndiyo kutenthetsa ndi kuzunguliza pepala la titaniyamu pachimake cha mkuwa.Copper ndi conductor yabwino yokhala ndi resistivity pafupifupi 9% yokha ya Pb/Sn alloys.Mphamvu ya CuTi imatsimikizira kutayika kwa mphamvu pang'ono pokhapokha pa anode, kotero kugawanika kwa makulidwe pa msonkhano wa cathode kumakhala kofanana.
Chinthu chinanso chabwino ndi chakuti kutentha kochepa kumapangidwa.Zofunikira zozizira zimachepetsedwa ndipo kuvala kwa platinamu pa anode kumachepetsedwa.Anti-corrosion titaniyamu wokutira amateteza pachimake mkuwa.Mukamapakanso chitsulo chowonjezera, yeretsani ndikukonzekera chimango ndi/kapena magetsi.Atha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Potsatira malangizo apangidwe awa, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya Pt/Ti kapena Pt/Nb kuti mupange "ma anode abwino" a chromium plating yolimba.Mitundu yokhazikika imawononga ndalama zambiri pagawo lazachuma kuposa ma anode otsogolera.Komabe, poganizira za mtengo wake mwatsatanetsatane, mtundu wa titaniyamu wokhala ndi platinamu ukhoza kukhala njira yosangalatsa yopangira chrome plating.
Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kusanthula kwatsatanetsatane komanso kosamalitsa kwa mtengo wamba wa lead ndi platinamu anode.
Manode asanu ndi atatu otsogolera aloyi (1700 mm kutalika ndi 40 mm m'mimba mwake) opangidwa ndi PbSn7 anayerekezedwa ndi ma Pt/Ti anode oyenerera a ma chromium plating a cylindrical parts.Kupanga ma anode otsogolera asanu ndi atatu kumawononga pafupifupi ma euro 1,400 (madola a US 1,471), omwe poyang'ana koyamba amawoneka otchipa.Ndalama zomwe zimafunikira kuti mupange ma Pt/Ti anode ndizokwera kwambiri.Mtengo wogula woyamba ndi pafupifupi ma euro 7,000.Zomaliza za platinamu ndizokwera mtengo kwambiri.Zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zokha ndizo 45% za ndalamazi.2.5 µm zokutira za platinamu zokhuthala zimafuna 11.3 g yachitsulo chamtengo wapatali pa ma anode asanu ndi atatu aliwonse.Pamtengo wa 35 euro pa gramu, izi zikufanana ndi 3160 euros.
Ngakhale ma anode otsogolera angawoneke ngati abwino kwambiri, izi zitha kusintha mwachangu mukayang'anitsitsa.Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu zokha, mtengo wonse wa anode wotsogolera ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa chitsanzo cha Pt / Ti.Muchitsanzo chowerengera chokhazikika, lingalirani kachulukidwe ka ntchito ka 40 A/dm2.Zotsatira zake, kuyenda kwa mphamvu pa anode yopatsidwa ya 168 dm2 kunali 6720 amperes pa maola 6700 akugwira ntchito kwa zaka zitatu.Izi zikufanana ndi pafupifupi masiku 220 ogwira ntchito pa maola 10 ogwira ntchito pachaka.Pamene platinamu imalowa muzitsulo, makulidwe a platinamu amachepa pang'onopang'ono.Mu chitsanzo, izi zimatengedwa 2 magalamu pa miliyoni amp-maola.
Pali zifukwa zambiri zopezera phindu la Pt/Ti kuposa ma anode otsogolera.Kuonjezera apo, kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi (mtengo 0.14 EUR/kWh kuchotsa 14,800 kWh/chaka) kumawononga pafupifupi 2,000 EUR pachaka.Kuphatikiza apo, sipakufunikanso mtengo wapachaka wa pafupifupi ma euro 500 kuti utayitse dothi la lead chromate, komanso ma 1000 mayuro pakukonza ndi kupanga nthawi yopuma - kuwerengera kosamala kwambiri.
Mtengo wonse wa anode wotsogolera pazaka zitatu unali €14,400 ($15,130).Mtengo wa Pt/Ti anode ndi 12,020 euros, kuphatikiza kukonzanso.Ngakhale osaganizira mtengo wokonza ndikuchepetsa kupanga (1000 euros patsiku pachaka), nthawi yopuma imafika patatha zaka zitatu.Kuyambira pano, kusiyana pakati pawo kumawonjezeka kwambiri mokomera Pt/Ti anode.
Mafakitale ambiri amapezerapo mwayi pazabwino zosiyanasiyana za kutentha kwa platinamu yokutidwa ndi electrolytic anode.Kuwunikira, semiconductor ndi opanga ma board board, magalimoto, ma hydraulics, migodi, zopangira madzi ndi maiwe osambira amadalira matekinoloje okutira awa.Ntchito zambiri zidzapangidwa mtsogolomu, chifukwa mtengo wokhazikika komanso malingaliro a chilengedwe ndizovuta zanthawi yayitali.Kupanda kutero, kuwongolera kumatha kukumana ndi kuwunika kowonjezereka.
Nkhani yoyambirira idasindikizidwa mu Chijeremani mu Annual Surface Technology (Vol. 71, 2015) yolembedwa ndi Prof. Timo Sörgel wochokera ku Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Germany.Mwachilolezo cha Eugen G. Leuze Verlag, Bad Saulgau/Germany.
Muzitsulo zambiri zomaliza zitsulo, masking amagwiritsidwa ntchito, kumene madera ena okha a pamwamba pa gawolo ayenera kukonzedwa.M'malo mwake, masking angagwiritsidwe ntchito pamalo pomwe chithandizo sichikufunika kapena kuyenera kupewedwa.Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zambiri za zitsulo zomaliza masking, kuphatikizapo ntchito, njira, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masking omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.