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lipoti pa electrochemical stratification wa osachititsa boron mu woonda wosanjikiza boroni.Mphamvu yapaderayi imapezeka mwa kuphatikizira boroni yochuluka mu mesh yachitsulo yomwe imapangitsa kuti magetsi ayendetsedwe ndikutsegula malo opangira boron ndi njira yabwinoyi.Kuyesera kochitidwa mu ma electrolyte osiyanasiyana kumapereka chida champhamvu chopezera ma borene flakes a magawo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi makulidwe a ~ 3-6 nm.Njira ya electrochemical kuchotsa boron imawululidwanso ndikukambidwa.Choncho, njira yomwe ikuperekedwayo ingakhale chida chatsopano chopangira zazikulu zopangira zowonda kwambiri ndikufulumizitsa chitukuko cha kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi mabasi ndi ntchito zawo zomwe zingatheke.
Zida ziwiri-dimensional (2D) zalandira chidwi kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera monga kupangika kwamagetsi kapena malo owoneka bwino.Kupanga zida za graphene kwakopa chidwi kuzinthu zina za 2D, kotero zida zatsopano za 2D zikufufuzidwa mozama.Kuphatikiza pa graphene yodziwika bwino, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) monga WS21, MoS22, MoSe3, ndi WSe4 nawonso adaphunziridwa mozama posachedwapa.Ngakhale zida zomwe tatchulazi, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), phosphorous wakuda ndi boronene yopangidwa bwino posachedwa.Pakati pawo, boron idakopa chidwi kwambiri ngati imodzi mwazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri zamitundu iwiri.Ili ndi graphene koma imawonetsa zinthu zosangalatsa chifukwa cha anisotropy, polymorphism ndi mawonekedwe a crystal.Boron yochuluka imawoneka ngati chomangira chomangira mu B12 icosahedron, koma mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya makhiristo a boron amapangidwa kudzera munjira zosiyanasiyana zolumikizirana ndi kulumikizana mu B12.Zotsatira zake, midadada ya boron nthawi zambiri sakhala yosanjikiza ngati graphene kapena graphite, zomwe zimasokoneza njira yopezera boron.Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu yambiri ya polymorphic ya borophene (mwachitsanzo, α, β, α1, pmmm) imapangitsa kuti ikhale yovuta kwambiri5.The zosiyanasiyana magawo akwaniritsa pa kaphatikizidwe mwachindunji zimakhudza katundu wa harrows.Chifukwa chake, kupanga njira zopangira zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zotheka kupeza ma borocenes enieni omwe ali ndi miyeso yayikulu yam'mbali ndi makulidwe ang'onoang'ono a flakes pakali pano amafuna kuphunzira mozama.
Ambiri njira synthesizing 2D zipangizo zachokera sonochemical njira imene chochuluka zipangizo anayikidwa mu zosungunulira, kawirikawiri ndi organic zosungunulira, ndi sonicated kwa maola angapo.Ranjan et al.6 anatulutsa boroni wochuluka kukhala borophene pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe tafotokozayi.Iwo anaphunzira osiyanasiyana organic solvents (methanol, Mowa, isopropanol, acetone, DMF, DMSO) ndipo anasonyeza kuti sonication exfoliation ndi njira yosavuta kupeza lalikulu ndi woonda boroni flakes.Kuphatikiza apo, adawonetsa kuti njira yosinthidwa ya Hummers itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kutulutsa boron.Kukhazikika kwamadzi kwawonetsedwa ndi ena: Lin et al.7 inagwiritsa ntchito crystalline boron monga gwero lopangira mapepala apansi a β12-borene ndikugwiritsiranso ntchito mu mabatire a lithiamu-sulfure, ndi Li et al.8 adawonetsa mapepala otsika a boronene..Ikhoza kupezedwa ndi kaphatikizidwe ka sonochemical ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati electrode ya supercapacitor.Komabe, atomic layer deposition (ALD) ndi imodzi mwa njira zoyambira pansi za boron.Mannix et al.9 adayika maatomu a boron pakuthandizira siliva wopanda ma atomu.Njirayi imapangitsa kuti tipeze mapepala a ultra-pure boronene, komabe ma laboratory-scale kupanga boronene ndi ochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha zovuta zowonongeka (ultra-high vacuum).Choncho, ndikofunikira kupanga njira zatsopano zopangira boronene, kufotokoza njira ya kukula / stratification, ndiyeno fufuzani zolondola zamaganizo za katundu wake, monga polymorphism, magetsi ndi kutentha kwa kutentha.H. Liu et al.10 inakambitsirana ndi kufotokoza njira ya kukula kwa boron pa Cu(111) substrates.Zinapezeka kuti maatomu a boron amakonda kupanga masango wandiweyani a 2D kutengera mayunitsi atatu, ndipo mphamvu yamapangidwe imachepa pang'onopang'ono ndi kukula kwamagulu, kutanthauza kuti masango a 2D boron pagawo lamkuwa amatha kukula mpaka kalekale.Kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kwa mapepala a boron awiri-dimensional kumaperekedwa ndi D. Li et al.11, pomwe magawo osiyanasiyana amafotokozedwa ndikugwiritsa ntchito zotheka kukambidwa.Zikusonyezedwa momveka bwino kuti pali kusiyana pakati pa zowerengera zamaganizo ndi zotsatira zoyesera.Chifukwa chake, mawerengedwe amalingaliro amafunikira kuti mumvetsetse bwino zomwe zili ndi njira za kukula kwa boron.Njira imodzi yokwaniritsira cholinga ichi ndikugwiritsa ntchito tepi yosavuta yomatira kuti muchotse boron, koma izi zikadali zazing'ono kwambiri kuti mufufuze zinthu zoyambira ndikusintha momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito12.
Njira yodalirika yopangira uinjiniya wazinthu za 2D kuchokera kuzinthu zambiri ndikupukuta kwa electrochemical.Apa imodzi mwa maelekitirodi imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri.Kawirikawiri, mankhwala omwe amachotsedwa ndi njira za electrochemical amakhala ochititsa chidwi kwambiri.Amapezeka ngati timitengo kapena mapiritsi.Graphite akhoza bwinobwino exfoliated motere chifukwa mkulu madutsidwe magetsi.Achi ndi gulu lake14 atulutsa bwino graphite potembenuza ndodo za graphite kukhala graphite yosindikizidwa pamaso pa nembanemba yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito poletsa kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zambiri.Ma laminate ena ochuluka amachotsedwa bwino mofananamo, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito Janus15 electrochemical delamination.Momwemonso, phosphorous wakuda wosanjikiza ndi electrochemically stratified, ndi ma ion acidic electrolyte omwe amafalikira mumlengalenga pakati pa zigawo chifukwa cha magetsi ogwiritsidwa ntchito.Tsoka ilo, njira yomweyi siingagwiritsidwe ntchito pa stratification ya boron mu borophene chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magetsi kwa zinthu zambiri.Koma chimachitika ndi chiyani ngati ufa wa boron wotayirira umaphatikizidwa muzitsulo zachitsulo (nickel-nickel kapena copper-copper) kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ngati electrode?Kodi ndizotheka kulimbikitsa madulidwe a boron, omwe amatha kugawanikanso mothandizidwa ndi ma electrochemically ngati njira yopangira magetsi?Kodi gawo la boronene lopangidwa ndi low-layer boronene ndi chiyani?
Mu phunziro ili, tikuyankha mafunsowa ndikuwonetsa kuti njira yosavutayi imapereka njira yatsopano yopangira mabala opyapyala, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 1.
Lithium chloride (LiCl, 99.0%, CAS: 7447-41-8) ndi ufa wa boron (B, CAS: 7440-42-8) adagulidwa ku Sigma Aldrich (USA).Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4, ≥ 99.0%, CAS: 7757-82-6) yoperekedwa kuchokera ku Chempur (Poland).Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, CAS: 67-68-5) yochokera ku Karpinex (Poland) inagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Atomic force microscopy (AFM MultiMode 8 (Bruker)) imapereka chidziwitso pa makulidwe ndi kukula kwa lattice ya zinthu zosanjikiza.High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) inkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu ya FEI Tecnai F20 pamagetsi othamanga a 200 kV.Kusanthula kwa Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito Hitachi Zeeman polarized atomic absorption spectrophotometer ndi nebulizer yamoto kuti adziwe kusamuka kwa ayoni zitsulo kukhala yankho panthawi ya electrochemical exfoliation.Kuthekera kwa zeta kwa boron yochuluka kunayesedwa ndi kuchitidwa pa Zeta Sizer (ZS Nano ZEN 3600, Malvern) kuti mudziwe kuthekera kwapamwamba kwa boron yochuluka.Kapangidwe kakemidwe ndi maperesenti ochepera a atomiki a pamwamba pa zitsanzozo adaphunziridwa ndi X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).Miyezoyi idachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma radiation a Mg Ka (hν = 1253.6 eV) mu PREVAC system (Poland) yokhala ndi Scienta SES 2002 electron energy analyzer (Sweden) yomwe imagwira ntchito pafupipafupi (Ep = 50 eV).Chipinda chowunikira chimasamutsidwa kupsinjika pansi pa 5 × 10-9 mbar.
Nthawi zambiri, 0,1 g wa ufa wa boron wopanda pake umakanikizidwa koyamba mu mesh disk (nickel kapena mkuwa) pogwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira a hydraulic.Disiki ili ndi mainchesi 15 mm.Ma disks okonzeka amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma electrode.Mitundu iwiri ya electrolyte inagwiritsidwa ntchito: (i) 1 M LiCl mu DMSO ndi (ii) 1 M Na2SO4 m'madzi opangidwa ndi deionized.Waya wa platinamu ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati electrode yothandizira.Chithunzi chojambula cha malo ogwirira ntchito chikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1. Mu electrochemical stripping, kupatsidwa panopa (1 A, 0.5 A, kapena 0.1 A) kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pakati pa cathode ndi anode.Nthawi ya kuyesa kulikonse ndi ola limodzi.Pambuyo pake, supernatant inasonkhanitsidwa, centrifuged pa 5000 rpm ndi kusambitsidwa kangapo (nthawi 3-5) ndi madzi deionized.
Magawo osiyanasiyana, monga nthawi ndi mtunda pakati pa maelekitirodi, amakhudza morphology ya chinthu chomaliza cha kulekanitsa kwa electrochemical.Apa tikuona chikoka cha electrolyte, ntchito panopa (1 A, 0,5 A ndi 0.1 A; voteji 30 V) ndi mtundu wa zitsulo gululi (Ni malinga ndi kukula kwake).Ma electrolyte awiri osiyana adayesedwa: (i) 1 M lithium chloride (LiCl) mu dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ndi (ii) 1 M sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) m'madzi a deionized (DI).Poyambirira, ma lithiamu cations (Li +) adzalowa mu boron, yomwe imagwirizanitsidwa ndi malipiro olakwika mu ndondomekoyi.Pamapeto pake, anion ya sulphate (SO42-) idzalowa mu boron yopangidwa bwino.
Poyambirira, zochita za electrolyte pamwambazi zikuwonetsedwa pakali pano 1 A. Njirayi inatenga ola limodzi ndi mitundu iwiri yazitsulo zazitsulo (Ni ndi Cu), motsatira.Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa chithunzi cha atomic force microscopy (AFM) cha zomwe zatuluka, ndipo kutalika kwake kofananirako kukuwonetsedwa pa Chithunzi S1.Kuonjezera apo, kutalika ndi miyeso ya flakes yopangidwa muzoyesera iliyonse ikuwonetsedwa mu Table 1. Mwachiwonekere, pogwiritsira ntchito Na2SO4 monga electrolyte, makulidwe a flakes ndi ochepa kwambiri pogwiritsira ntchito gridi yamkuwa.Poyerekeza ndi ma flakes ochotsedwa pamaso pa chonyamulira faifi tambala, makulidwe ake amachepetsa pafupifupi kasanu.Chochititsa chidwi n'chakuti, kukula kwa masikelo kunali kofanana.Komabe, LiCl/DMSO inali yogwira mtima pakutulutsa zitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito ma meshes onse azitsulo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti 5-15 zigawo za borocene, zofanana ndi zina zowonongeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zigawo zambiri za borocene7,8.Chifukwa chake, maphunziro owonjezera adzawulula mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe a zitsanzo zomwe zasungidwa mu electrolyte iyi.
Zithunzi za AFM za mapepala a borocene pambuyo pa electrochemical delamination mu A Cu_Li+_1 A, B Cu_SO42−_1 A, C Ni_Li+_1 A, ndi D Ni_SO42−_1 A.
Kusanthula kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Monga momwe zasonyezedwera m'chithunzi 3, kuchuluka kwake kwa boroni ndi kowala kwambiri, monga zikuwonetseredwa ndi zithunzi za TEM za boron ndi boroni yosanjikiza, komanso mawonekedwe a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) ndi mitundu yotsatira ya Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED).Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu pakati pa zitsanzo pambuyo pa ndondomeko ya delamination kumawoneka mosavuta muzithunzi za TEM, kumene d-spacings ndi yowonjezereka ndipo mtunda ndi wamfupi kwambiri (0.35-0.9 nm; Table S2).Ngakhale zitsanzo zomwe zinapangidwa pa mauna amkuwa zimafanana ndi mawonekedwe a β-rhombohedral a boron8, zitsanzo zopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito nickel.maunazimagwirizana ndi kulosera kwamalingaliro kwa magawo a lattice: β12 ndi χ317.Izi zinatsimikizira kuti mapangidwe a borocene anali crystalline, koma makulidwe ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo anasintha pakutulutsa.Komabe, zimasonyeza bwino kudalira gululi ntchito (Cu kapena Ni) pa crystallinity chifukwa borene.Kwa Cu kapena Ni, ikhoza kukhala imodzi-crystal kapena polycrystalline, motero.Kusintha kwa kristalo kwapezekanso mu njira zina zowonjezera18,19.Kwa ife, sitepe d ndi kapangidwe komaliza zimadalira kwambiri mtundu wa gululi (Ni, Cu).Kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu kungapezeke mu machitidwe a SAED, kutanthauza kuti njira yathu imatsogolera kupanga mapangidwe a kristalo ofanana.Kuonjezera apo, kupanga mapu oyambira (EDX) ndi kujambula kwa STEM kunatsimikizira kuti zinthu zopangidwa ndi 2D zinali ndi boron (Fig. S5).Komabe, kuti mumvetse mozama za kamangidwe kameneka, maphunziro owonjezera a ma borophenes opangira amafunikira.Makamaka, kusanthula m'mphepete mwa borene kuyenera kupitilizidwa, chifukwa amatenga gawo lofunikira pakukhazikika kwazinthu komanso magwiridwe antchito ake20,21,22.
Zithunzi za TEM za boron A, B Cu_Li+_1 A ndi C Ni_Li+_1 A ndi machitidwe ofanana a SAED (A', B', C');kuyika kwachangu kwa Fourier transform (FFT) ku chithunzi cha TEM.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) adachitidwa kuti adziwe kuchuluka kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a zitsanzo za borene.Pa kutentha kwa zitsanzo za borophene, chiŵerengero cha boron-boron chinawonjezeka kuchoka pa 6.97% kufika pa 28.13% (Table S3).Panthawiyi, kuchepa kwa boron suboxide (BO) zomangira kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kulekana kwa oxides pamwamba ndi kutembenuka kwa boron suboxide kukhala B2O3, monga zikusonyeza ndi kuchuluka kwa B2O3 mu zitsanzo.Pa mkuyu.S8 ikuwonetsa kusintha kwa chiŵerengero chomangira cha boron ndi oxide element pa kutentha.Chiwerengero chonse chikuwonetsedwa mkuyu.S7.Mayeso adawonetsa kuti boronene imapangidwa ndi okosijeni pamtunda wa boron: oxide chiŵerengero cha 1: 1 musanatenthe ndi 1.5: 1 mutatha kutentha.Kuti mumve zambiri za XPS, onani Zowonjezera Zowonjezera.
Kuyesera kotsatira kunachitika kuti ayese zotsatira za zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa pakati pa ma electrode panthawi ya kupatukana kwa electrochemical.Mayesowa adachitika pamayendedwe a 0.5 A ndi 0.1 A mu LiCl/DMSO, motsatana.Zotsatira za maphunziro a AFM zikuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi 4, ndipo mawonekedwe a msinkhu wofanana akuwonetsedwa muzithunzi.S2 ndi S3.Poganizira kuti makulidwe a borophene monolayer ndi pafupifupi 0,4 nm, 12,23 muzoyesera pa 0.5 A ndi kukhalapo kwa gridi yamkuwa, ma flakes a thinnest amafanana ndi zigawo za 5-11 za borophene zokhala ndi miyeso yozungulira pafupifupi 0.6-2.5 μm.Komanso, mu zoyeserera ndinickelma grids, ma flakes okhala ndi makulidwe ochepa kwambiri (4.82-5.27 nm) adapezedwa.N'zochititsa chidwi kuti boron flakes akamagwira sonochemical njira zofanana flake kukula kwake mu osiyanasiyana 1.32-2.32 nm7 kapena 1.8-4.7 nm8.Kuphatikiza apo, exfoliation ya electrochemical ya graphene yoperekedwa ndi Achi et al.14 idabweretsa ma flakes okulirapo (> 30 µm), omwe atha kukhala okhudzana ndi kukula kwa zinthu zoyambira.Komabe, ma graphene flakes ndi 2-7 nm makulidwe.Ma flakes a kukula kofanana ndi kutalika amatha kupezeka mwa kuchepetsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa kuchokera ku 1 A mpaka 0.1 A. Choncho, kulamulira chizindikiro ichi chofunika kwambiri cha zipangizo za 2D ndi njira yosavuta.Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zoyeserera zomwe zidachitika pa gridi ya nickel yokhala ndi 0.1 A sizinapambane.Izi ndichifukwa cha kutsika kwamagetsi kwa nickel poyerekeza ndi mkuwa ndi mphamvu zosakwanira zomwe zimafunikira kupanga borophene24.Kusanthula kwa TEM kwa Cu_Li+_0.5 A, Cu_Li+_0.1 A, Cu_SO42-_1 A, Ni_Li-_0.5 A ndi Ni_SO42-_1 A kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi S3 ndi Chithunzi S4, motsatira.
Electrochemical ablation yotsatiridwa ndi kujambula kwa AFM.(A) Cu_Li+_1A, (B) Cu_Li+_0.5A, (C) Cu_Li+_0.1A, (D) Ni_Li+_1A, (E) Ni_Li+_0.5A.
Pano ifenso maganizo zotheka limagwirira kwa stratification wa chochuluka kubowola mu woonda wosanjikiza kubowola (mkuyu. 5).Poyambirira, bur yochuluka idakanikizidwa mu gridi ya Cu/Ni kuti ipangitse kuyendetsa mu electrode, yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu yamagetsi pakati pa ma elekitirodi othandizira (Pt waya) ndi electrode yogwira ntchito.Izi zimathandiza kuti ma ion asamuke kudzera mu electrolyte ndikulowa mu cathode/anode material, malingana ndi electrolyte yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.Kusanthula kwa AAS kunawonetsa kuti palibe ma ion omwe adatulutsidwa mu mesh yachitsulo panthawiyi (onani Zowonjezera Zowonjezera).anasonyeza kuti ayoni okha electrolyte akhoza kudutsa mu dongosolo boron.Boron yochuluka yamalonda yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita izi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "amorphous boron" chifukwa cha kugawa kwake mwachisawawa kwa maselo oyambirira, icosahedral B12, yomwe imatenthedwa mpaka 1000 ° C kuti ipange dongosolo la β-rhombohedral (Mkuyu S6). 25 .Malingana ndi deta, ma lithiamu cations amalowetsedwa mosavuta mu dongosolo la boron pa gawo loyamba ndikung'amba zidutswa za batri ya B12, potsirizira pake amapanga mawonekedwe a boronene awiri omwe ali ndi dongosolo lolamulidwa kwambiri, monga β-rhombohedra, β12 kapena χ3 , kutengera pakali pano ndimaunazakuthupi.Kuti awulule kuyanjana kwa Li + ku boron wochuluka ndi gawo lake lofunika kwambiri mu ndondomeko ya delamination, mphamvu zake za zeta (ZP) zinayesedwa kukhala -38 ± 3.5 mV (onani Zowonjezera Zowonjezera) .Mtengo woipa wa ZP wa boron wochuluka umasonyeza kuti kusakanikirana kwa ma lithiamu cations ndi kothandiza kwambiri kuposa ma ions ena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu phunziroli (monga SO42-).Izi zikufotokozeranso kulowa bwino kwa Li + mu kapangidwe ka boron, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchotsedwa bwino kwa electrochemical.
Choncho, tapanga njira yatsopano yopezera ma borons otsika kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito electrochemical stratification ya boron pogwiritsa ntchito Cu / Ni grids mu Li +/DMSO ndi SO42-/H2O solutions.Ikuwonekanso kuti ikupereka zotulutsa pamagawo osiyanasiyana kutengera zomwe zagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso gridi yogwiritsidwa ntchito.Njira yopangira exfoliation imaperekedwanso ndikukambidwa.Zitha kuganiziridwa kuti boronene yoyendetsedwa ndi khalidwe lapamwamba imatha kupangidwa mosavuta posankha mauna oyenera achitsulo monga chonyamulira cha boron ndi kukhathamiritsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panopa, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofufuza kafukufuku kapena ntchito zothandiza.Chofunika kwambiri, uku ndiko kuyesa koyamba kopambana pa electrochemical stratification ya boron.Amakhulupirira kuti njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutulutsa zinthu zopanda ma conductive m'mitundu iwiri.Komabe, kumvetsetsa bwino za kapangidwe kake ndi katundu wa ma burs osanjikiza otsika ndikofunikira, komanso kafukufuku wowonjezera.
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Kafukufukuyu adathandizidwa ndi National Science Center (Poland) mothandizidwa ndi No.OPUS21 (2021/41/B/ST5/03279).
Nickel wire mesh ndi mtundu wa waya wamafakitalensaluzopangidwa kuchokera ku waya wa nickel.Amadziwika ndi kukhazikika kwake, mphamvu zamagetsi zamagetsi, komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri.Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera, ma mesh a nickel wire mesh amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati kusefera, sieving, ndi kulekanitsa m'mafakitale monga zakuthambo, mankhwala, ndi kukonza zakudya.Imapezeka mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mauna ndi ma diameter a waya kuti igwirizane ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana.