Pamene kuwala kumayenda m’mlengalenga, kumatambasulidwa ndi kufalikira kwa chilengedwe.Ichi ndichifukwa chake zinthu zambiri zakutali zimawala mu infrared, yomwe imakhala ndi utali wautali kuposa kuwala kowoneka.Sitingawone kuwala kwakaleku ndi maso, koma James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) idapangidwa kuti igwire, kuwulula milalang'amba ina yakale kwambiri yomwe idapangidwapo.
Kubowola: Kubowolazitsulombale imatsekereza kuwala kwina kolowa mu telescope, ndikupangitsa kuti ifanane ndi cholumikizira cholumikizira chomwe chimaphatikiza deta yochokera kumatelesikopu angapo kuti ikwaniritse mawonekedwe apamwamba kuposa mandala amodzi.Njira imeneyi imabweretsa tsatanetsatane wa zinthu zowala kwambiri zomwe zili pafupi, monga nyenyezi ziwiri zapafupi zakumwamba.
Micro Gate Array: Gulu la zitseko zazing'ono 248,000 zitha kutsegulidwa kapena kutsekedwa kuti ayeze mawonekedwe - kufalikira kwa kuwala mpaka kumadera ake - pa mfundo 100 mu chimango chimodzi.
Spectrometer: Grating kapena prism imalekanitsa kuwala kwa chochitika kukhala sipekitiramu kuti iwonetse kukula kwa kutalika kwa mafunde.
Makamera: JWST ili ndi makamera atatu - awiri omwe amajambula kuwala pafupi ndi mafunde amtundu wa infrared ndi imodzi yomwe imajambula kuwala pakati pa mafunde apakati a infrared.
Integral field unit: Kamera yophatikizidwa ndi spectrometer imajambula chithunzi pamodzi ndi sipekitiramu ya pixel iliyonse, kusonyeza momwe kuwala kumasinthira m'gawo la maonekedwe.
Ma Coronagraphs: Kunyezimira kochokera ku nyenyezi zowala kumatha kutsekereza kuwala kwa mapulaneti ndi zinyalala zozungulira nyenyezizo.Ma Coronographs ndi mabwalo osawoneka bwino omwe amatchinga kuwala kwa nyenyezi ndikulola kuti ma siginecha ofooka adutse.
Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)/Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS): FGS ndi kamera yoloza yomwe imathandiza kuloza telesikopu mbali yoyenera.Imapakidwa ndi NIRISS yomwe ili ndi kamera ndi spectrometer yomwe imatha kujambula pafupi ndi zithunzi za infrared ndi spectra.
Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSpec): Sipekitiromita yapaderayi imatha kupeza mawonedwe 100 panthawi imodzi kudzera mumitundu ingapo ya ma microshutter.Ichi ndi chida choyamba chamumlengalenga chomwe chimatha kusanthula zinthu zambiri nthawi imodzi.
Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam): Chida chokhacho chapafupi ndi infrared chokhala ndi coronagraph, NIRCam ikhala chida chofunikira kwambiri powerenga ma exoplanets omwe kuwala kwawo kungazimbidwe ndi kunyezimira kwa nyenyezi zapafupi.Ijambula zithunzi zowoneka bwino kwambiri pafupi ndi infrared ndi mawonekedwe.
Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI): Kuphatikizika kwa kamera/mawonekedwe awa ndi chida chokhacho mu JWST chomwe chimatha kuwona kuwala kwapakati pa infrared komwe kumatulutsidwa ndi zinthu zoziziritsa kukhosi monga zinyalala zozungulira nyenyezi ndi milalang'amba yakutali kwambiri.
Asayansi anafunikira kusintha zinthu kuti asandutse deta ya JWST kukhala chinthu chimene diso la munthu lingayamikire, koma zithunzi zake ndi “zenizeni,” anatero Alyssa Pagan, katswiri wa masomphenya a sayansi pa Space Telescope Science Institute.“Kodi zimenezi n’zimene tikanaona tikadakhalapo?Yankho lake n’lakuti ayi, chifukwa maso athu sanapangidwe kuti aziona m’mlengalenga, ndipo makina oonera zinthu zakuthambo amatha kumva kuwala kuposa maso athu.”Maonekedwe okulirapo a telesikopu amatithandiza kuona zinthu zakuthambo zimenezi moyenerera kuposa mmene maso athu alili ochepa.JWST imatha kujambula zithunzi pogwiritsa ntchito zosefera mpaka 27 zomwe zimajambula mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma infrared spectrum.Asayansi amasankha kaye mtundu wofunikira kwambiri wa chithunzi chomwe chaperekedwa ndikukulitsa mawonekedwe owala kuti awulule zambiri momwe angathere.Kenako adapatsa fyuluta iliyonse mtundu wamitundu yowoneka - mafunde amfupi kwambiri amakhala abuluu, pomwe mafunde ataliatali adakhala obiriwira komanso ofiira.Ikani izo palimodzi ndipo inu mwatsala ndi yachibadwa woyera bwino, kusiyana ndi mtundu zoikamo kuti aliyense wojambula akhoza kupanga.
Ngakhale zithunzi zamitundu yonse ndizosangalatsa, zopezedwa zambiri zosangalatsa zikupangidwa motalika kamodzi.Apa, chida cha NIRSpec chikuwonetsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za Tarantula Nebula kudzera mumitundu yosiyanasiyanazosefera.Mwachitsanzo, atomiki ya haidrojeni (buluu) imatulutsa utali wa mafunde kuchokera ku nyenyezi yapakati ndi mathovu ozungulira.Pakati pawo pali mamolekyu a haidrojeni (wobiriwira) ndi ma hydrocarbon ovuta (ofiira).Umboni ukusonyeza kuti gulu la nyenyezi lomwe lili kumunsi kumanja kwa chimango likuphulitsa fumbi ndi mpweya kupita ku nyenyezi yapakati.
Nkhaniyi idasindikizidwa koyambirira mu Scientific American 327, 6, 42-45 (December 2022) monga "Behind the Pictures".
Jen Christiansen ndi mkonzi wamkulu wazithunzi ku Scientific American.Tsatirani Christiansen pa Twitter @ChristiansenJen
ndi Senior Editor for Space and Physics ku Scientific American.Ali ndi digiri ya bachelor mu zakuthambo ndi physics kuchokera ku yunivesite ya Wesleyan komanso digiri ya master mu utolankhani wa sayansi kuchokera ku yunivesite ya California, Santa Cruz.Tsatirani Moskowitz pa Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz.Chithunzi mwachilolezo cha Nick Higgins.
Dziwani sayansi yomwe ikusintha dziko.Onani zolemba zathu zakale za digito kuyambira 1845, kuphatikiza zolemba za anthu opitilira 150 omwe adalandira mphotho ya Nobel.