Umicore Electroplating na Germany na-eji oke okpomọkụ electrolytic anodes.N'ime usoro a, a na-edobe platinum n'elu ihe ndị dị ka titanium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, igwe anaghị agba nchara na nickel alloys n'ime bat nnu gbazere na 550 ° C n'okpuru argon.
Ọnụọgụ 2: Platinum / titanium anode dị elu nke electroplated na-ejigide ọdịdị ya ogologo oge.
Ọgụgụ 3: Mgbasawanye ntupu Pt/Ti anode.Ntupu ọla gbasasịrị na-enye njem elektrọt kacha mma.Enwere ike ibelata ebe dị n'etiti ihe anode na cathode na njupụta dị ugbu a na-abawanye.Nsonaazụ: mma mma na obere oge.
Ọgụgụ 4: Enwere ike ịhazi obosara nke ntupu na agbasawanye metal mesh anode.Ntupu na-enye mgbasawanye electrolyte na mkpochapụ gas ka mma.
A na-elezi ndu anya nke ọma n'ụwa niile.Na US, ndị ọrụ ahụike na ebe ọrụ na-arapara n'ịdọ aka ná ntị ha.N'agbanyeghị afọ ndị ụlọ ọrụ electroplating nwere ahụmahụ n'imeso ihe ndị dị ize ndụ eme ihe, a na-aga n'ihu na-ele ígwè anya nke ọma.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye ọ bụla na-eji anodes lead na United States ga-edebanye aha na EPA's Federal Toxic Chemical Release Register.Ọ bụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ electroplating na-eme naanị ihe dị ka kilogram 29 nke ndu kwa afọ, a ka chọrọ ndebanye aha.
Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka ịchọọ ọzọ na USA.Ọbụghị naanị na ndu anode siri ike chromium plating osisi yiri ọnụ ala na nlele mbụ, enwerekwa ọtụtụ ọghọm:
Anodes kwụsiri ike n'akụkụ bụ ihe ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị na plating chromium siri ike (lee foto 2) nke nwere elu platinum na titanium ma ọ bụ niobium dị ka mkpụrụ.
Anodes mkpuchi platinum na-enye ọtụtụ uru karịa platin chromium siri ike.Ndị a gụnyere uru ndị a:
Maka nsonaazụ dị mma, gbanwee anode na nhazi nke akụkụ a ga-ekpuchi.Nke a na-eme ka o kwe omume ịnweta anodes nwere akụkụ kwụsiri ike (efere, cylinders, T-shaped and U-shaped), ebe anodes ndu na-abụkarị akwụkwọ ọkọlọtọ ma ọ bụ mkpanaka.
Pt/Ti na Pt/Nb anodes enweghị ebe mechiri emechi, kama nke ahụ gbasaara mpempe ọla nwere nha ntupu agbanwe.Nke a na-eduga na nkesa nke ọma nke ike, ọkụ eletrik nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ na gburugburu netwọk (lee Fig 3).
Ya mere, nta anya n'etitianodena cathode, nke dị elu njupụta njupụta nke mkpuchi.Enwere ike itinye akwa akwa ngwa ngwa: a na-abawanye mkpụrụ.Ojiji nke grids nwere nnukwu ebe elu dị irè nwere ike melite ọnọdụ nkewa nke ọma.
Enwere ike nweta nkwụsi ike nke akụkụ site na ijikọta platinum na titanium.Ọla abụọ a na-enye parampat kacha mma maka plating chrome siri ike.Nguzogide nke platinum dị obere, naanị 0.107 Ohm × mm2 / m.Uru nke ndu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ nke ndu (0.208 ohm × mm2 / m).Titanium nwere ezigbo nguzogide corrosion, agbanyeghị ike a na-ebelata n'ihu halides.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, voltaji ndakpọ nke titanium na electrolytes nwere chloride sitere na 10 ruo 15 V, dabere na pH.Nke a dị elu nke ukwuu karịa nke niobium (35 ruo 50 V) na tantalum (70 ruo 100 V).
Titanium nwere mwepu n'ihe gbasara nguzogide corrosion na acid siri ike dị ka sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, oxalic na methanesulfonic acid.Agbanyeghị,titaniumbụ ka ezi nhọrọ ruru ya machinability na price.
A na-eme ntinye nke akwa platinum na mkpụrụ titanium kacha mma site na electrochemically electrolysis (HTE) na nnu gbazere.Usoro HTE dị ọkaibe na-eme ka mkpuchi dị mma: n'ime bat a wụrụ awụ 550C nke sitere na ngwakọta potassium na sodium cyanide nwere ihe dịka 1% ruo 3% platinum, a na-edobe ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa na electrochemically na titanium.A na-akpọchi mkpụrụ ahụ n'ime usoro mechiri emechi na argon, na ịsa mmiri nnu dị na okpukpu abụọ.Ugbu a sitere na 1 ruo 5 A/dm2 na-enye ọnụego mkpuchi nke 10 ruo 50 microns kwa elekere yana esemokwu mkpuchi nke 0.5 ruo 2 V.
Platinized anodes na-eji usoro HTE emewo ka anodes kpuchie ya na aqueous electrolyte.Ịdị ọcha nke mkpuchi platinum sitere na nnu a wụrụ awụ dịkarịa ala 99.9%, nke dị elu karịa nke platinum n'ígwé nke a na-echekwa site na ngwọta mmiri.Emelitere nke ọma ductility, adhesion na corrosion resistance na obere esemokwu dị n'ime.
Mgbe ị na-atụle ịkwalite nhazi nke anode, ihe kachasị mkpa bụ njikarịcha nke usoro nkwado na ike ọkụ anode.Ihe ngwọta kachasị mma bụ ikpo ọkụ na ikuku mkpuchi mkpuchi titanium na isi ọla kọpa.Ọla kọpa bụ ezigbo onye nduzi nke nwere ihe mgbochi nke naanị ihe dịka 9% nke Alloys Pb/Sn.Igwe ọkụ CuTi na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-efunahụ obere ike naanị n'akụkụ anode, yabụ nkesa oke oyi akwa na mgbakọ cathode bụ otu.
Mmetụta ọzọ dị mma bụ na a na-emepụta obere okpomọkụ.A na-ebelata ihe ndị chọrọ oyi na platinum na-eyi na anode.Mkpuchi titanium mgbochi corrosion na-echebe isi ọla kọpa.Mgbe ị na-emegharị igwe gbasaara, hichaa ma dozie naanị etiti na/ma ọ bụ ọkọnọ ike.Enwere ike iji ha mee ihe ọtụtụ ugboro.
Site n'ịgbaso ụkpụrụ nhazi ndị a, ị nwere ike iji ụdị Pt/Ti ma ọ bụ Pt/Nb mepụta "ezigbo anodes" maka plating chromium siri ike.Ụdị kwụsiri ike n'akụkụ ya na-eri karịa n'oge ntinye ego karịa ụzọ anodes.Otú ọ dị, mgbe ị na-atụle ọnụ ahịa ya n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ihe nlereanya titanium nke platinum nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị na plating chrome siri ike.
Nke a bụ n'ihi nyocha zuru oke na nke ọma nke ngụkọta ọnụ ahịa ndu na platinum anodes.
Atụnyere ndị isi alloy asatọ (1700 mm ogologo na 40 mm na dayameta) nke PbSn7 jiri tụnyere Pt/Ti anodes nke dabara adaba maka ịkwanye chromium nke akụkụ cylindrical.Mmepụta nke anodes ụzọ asatọ na-efu ihe dị ka euro 1,400 (US $ 1,471), nke na nlele mbụ yiri ọnụ ala.Ntinye ego achọrọ iji zụlite Pt / Ti anodes chọrọ dị elu karịa.Ọnụ ahịa mbụ ịzụrụ ihe dị ka euro 7,000.Ngwunye Platinum dị oke ọnụ.Naanị ọla dị oke ọnụ ahịa dị ọcha bụ 45% nke ego a.Ihe mkpuchi platinum gbara ọkpụrụkpụ 2.5 µm chọrọ 11.3 g nke ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa maka nke ọ bụla n'ime anodes asatọ ahụ.Na ọnụ ahịa nke euro 35 kwa gram, nke a kwekọrọ na euro 3160.
Ọ bụ ezie na ndị isi anodes nwere ike iyi ka nhọrọ kacha mma, nke a nwere ike ịgbanwe ngwa ngwa ma nyochaa ya.Mgbe naanị afọ atọ gachara, ngụkọta ọnụ ahịa anode ndu dị elu nke ukwuu karịa ụdị Pt/Ti.N'ihe atụ ngụkọ mgbanwe, were njupụta ngwa ngwa njupụta nke 40 A/dm2.N'ihi ya, ike eruba na a nyere anode elu nke 168 dm2 bụ 6720 amperes na 6700 awa ọrụ maka afọ atọ.Nke a dabara na ihe dị ka ụbọchị ọrụ 220 n'ime awa 10 ọrụ kwa afọ.Ka platinum oxidizes na ngwọta, ọkpụrụkpụ nke platinum oyi akwa ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata.N'ihe atụ, a na-ewere nke a gram 2 kwa nde amp-awa.
Enwere ọtụtụ ihe kpatara uru Pt/Ti na-eri karịa anodes lead.Na mgbakwunye, mbelata oriri ọkụ eletrik (ọnụahịa 0.14 EUR / kWh na-ewepụ 14,800 kWh / afọ) na-efu ihe dịka 2,000 EUR kwa afọ.Na mgbakwunye, ọ dịghịzi mkpa maka ego kwa afọ nke ihe dị ka euro 500 maka mkpofu sludge chromate na-edu ndú, yana 1000 euro maka mmezi na mmepụta oge nkwụsịtụ - mgbakọ na-agbanwe agbanwe.
Ngụkọta ọnụ nke anodes ndu ihe karịrị afọ atọ bụ €14,400 ($15,130).Ọnụ nke Pt/Ti anodes bụ euro 12,020, gụnyere imegharị.Ọbụlagodi na-eburu n'uche ụgwọ mmezi na oge nrụpụta (1000 euro kwa ụbọchị kwa afọ), a na-enweta nkwụsịtụ-ọbụna mgbe afọ atọ gasịrị.Site na nke a gaa n'ihu, ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha na-abawanye ọbụna karịa maka Pt / Ti anode.
Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eji uru dị iche iche nke platinum kpuchie electrolytic anodes dị elu.Igwe ọkụ, semiconductor na ndị na-emepụta bọọdụ sekit, ụgbọ ala, hydraulics, Ngwuputa, ọrụ mmiri na ọdọ mmiri na-adabere na teknụzụ mkpuchi ndị a.A ga-emepụta ngwa ndị ọzọ n'ọdịnihu, n'ihi na ọnụ ahịa na-adịgide adịgide na ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi bụ nchegbu ogologo oge.N'ihi nke a, ndu nwere ike chere nlebawanye anya.
E bipụtara akụkọ mbụ na German na Annual Surface Technology (Mpịakọta 71, 2015) nke Prof. Timo Sörgel si na Mahadum Aalen nke Applied Sciences, Germany deziri.Site n'ikike nke Eugen G. Leuze Verlag, Bad Saulgau/Germany.
N'ọtụtụ ọrụ na-emecha ígwè, a na-eji ihe mkpuchi eme ihe, ebe ọ bụ naanị akụkụ ụfọdụ nke elu akụkụ ahụ kwesịrị ịhazi.Kama, enwere ike iji masking mee ihe n'elu ebe a na-achọghị ọgwụgwọ ma ọ bụ kwesịrị izere ya.Edemede a na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nkpuchi nchara nchara, gụnyere ngwa, usoro, na ụdị nkpuchi dị iche iche eji.