Ka ìhè na-agafe na mbara igwe, a na-agbatị ya site na mgbasawanye nke eluigwe na ala.Nke a bụ ya mere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị anya na-enwu na infrared, nke nwere ogologo ogologo ogologo karịa ọkụ a na-ahụ anya.Anyị apụghị iji anya gba ọtọ hụ ìhè ochie a, ma e mere James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) iji weghara ya, na-ekpughe ụfọdụ ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị mbụ e nwetụrụla.
Aperture Masking: A perforedigweefere na-egbochi ụfọdụ ọkụ na-abanye na teliskop, na-enye ya ohere iṅomi interferometer nke na-ejikọta data sitere na telescopes dị iche iche iji nweta mkpebi dị elu karịa otu oghere.Usoro a na-ewepụta nkọwa karịa n'ihe ndị na-egbuke egbuke dị nso, dịka kpakpando abụọ dị nso na mbara igwe.
Micro Gate Array: Enwere ike imeghe ma ọ bụ mechie grid nke obere ọnụ ụzọ 248,000 iji tụọ ụdịdị dị iche iche - mgbasawanye nke ìhè gbadaa n'ogo ogologo ya - na 100 isi n'otu etiti.
Spectrometer: grating ma ọ bụ priism na-ekewa ìhè merenụ ka ọ bụrụ ụdịdị dị iche iche iji gosipụta ike nke ogologo ebili mmiri n'otu n'otu.
Igwefoto: JWST nwere igwefoto atọ - abụọ na-esetịpụ ìhè n'ogologo infrared dị nso na nke na-esere ìhè n'etiti etiti infrared wavelengths.
Ngalaba Integral Integral: Igwefoto jikọtara ọnụ na spectrometer na-esetịpụ onyonyo yana ụdịdị pikselụ ọ bụla, na-egosi ka ọkụ si agbanwe na mpaghara nlele.
Ihe onyonyo: Igwe na-egbukepụ egbukepụ nke kpakpando na-egbuke egbuke nwere ike igbochi ọkụ na-esighị ike na mbara ala na diski irighiri ihe na-agba gburugburu kpakpando ndị ahụ.Coronographs bụ okirikiri na-adịghị ahụkebe na-egbochi ìhè kpakpando na-egbuke egbuke ma na-enye ohere ka akara ndị na-esighị ike gafere.
Sensọ Nduzi Ọma (FGS)/Near Infrared Imager na Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS): FGS bụ igwefoto na-atụ aka na-enyere aka tụọ teliskop n'ụzọ ziri ezi.Eji NIRISS chịkọta ya nke nwere igwefoto na spectrometer nke nwere ike ijide ihe onyonyo infrared na nso nso a.
Na nso Spectrometer infrared (NIRSpec): spectrometer a pụrụ iche nwere ike nweta 100 spectra n'otu oge site n'ọtụtụ microshutters.Nke a bụ ngwa oghere nke mbụ nwere ike ịme nyocha spectral nke ọtụtụ ihe n'otu oge.
N'akụkụ Igwefoto Infrared (NIRCam): Naanị ngwa infrared dị nso nwere akara akwara, NIRCam ga-abụ ihe bụ isi maka ịmụ ihe ngosi mbara igwe nke ìhè nke kpakpando dị nso ga-ekpuchi ya.Ọ ga-esetịpụ ihe onyonyo infrared dị elu dị nso na ụdịdị.
Ngwá Ọrụ Mid-Infrared (MIRI): Ngwakọta igwefoto/spectrograph a bụ naanị ngwa dị na JWST nke nwere ike ịhụ ìhè etiti infrared nke ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ewepụta dị ka diski irighiri ihe gburugburu kpakpando na ụyọkọ kpakpando ndị dị anya.
Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwesịrị ime mgbanwe iji gbanwee data nkịtị nke JWST ka ọ bụrụ ihe anya mmadụ nwere ike ịghọta, ma ihe oyiyi ya bụ "ezigbo," Alyssa Pagan, onye injinia ọhụụ sayensị na Space Telescope Science Institute kwuru.“Nke a ọ̀ bụ n'ezie ihe anyị ga-ahụ ma anyị nọrọ ebe ahụ?Azịza ya bụ ee e, n’ihi na e meghị anya anyị ka ọ na-ahụ ihe na infrared, telescopes na-enwekwa mmetụta dị ukwuu n’ìhè karịa anya anyị.”Ebe a na-ekiri ihe teliskop gbasasịrị na-eme ka anyị na-ahụ ihe ndị a na-ahụ maka mbara igwe n'ezie karịa ka anya anyị nwere obere ntakịrị nwere ike ịhụ.JWST nwere ike ịse foto site na iji ihe nzacha ruru iri abụọ na asaa na-esetịpụ ụdị dị iche iche nke infrared spectrum.Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ebu ụzọ kewapụ oke ike kachasị bara uru maka onyonyo enyere ma tụọ ụkpụrụ nchapụta ka ikpughe nkọwa zuru oke dịka enwere ike.Ha kenyere onye ọ bụla nzacha infrared agba na ụdịdị dị iche iche a na-ahụ anya - ogologo ebili mmiri kacha dị mkpụmkpụ ghọrọ acha anụnụ anụnụ, ebe ogologo wavele ogologo ghọrọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọbara ọbara.Tinye ha ọnụ na ị na-ahapụ na nkịtị ọcha itule, iche na agba ntọala nke ọ bụla foto nwere ike ime.
Ọ bụ ezie na ihe oyiyi agba zuru ezu na-adọrọ mmasị, a na-eme ọtụtụ nchọpụta na-akpali akpali otu ogologo ogologo n'otu oge.N'ebe a, ngwá ọrụ NIRSpec na-egosi atụmatụ dị iche iche nke Tarantula Nebula site n'ụdị dị iche ichenzacha.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, hydrogen atomiki (acha anụnụ anụnụ) na-egbukepụ ogologo ebili mmiri site na kpakpando etiti na ihe ndị gbara ya gburugburu.N'etiti ha bụ akara nke hydrogen molecular (green) na mgbagwoju hydrocarbons (red).Ihe akaebe na-egosi na ụyọkọ kpakpando dị na akuku aka nri ala nke etiti ahụ na-afụ uzuzu na gas n'akụkụ kpakpando etiti.
E bipụtara akụkọ a na mbụ na Scientific American 327, 6, 42-45 (December 2022) dị ka "Behind the Pictures".
Jen Christiansen bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ihe osise dị elu na Scientific American.Soro Christiansen na Twitter @ChristiansenJen
bụ Senior Editor for Space and Physics na Scientific American.O nwetara nzere bachelọ na mbara igwe na physics na Mahadum Wesleyan yana nzere masta na akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị na Mahadum California, Santa Cruz.Soro Moskowitz na Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz.Foto sitere n'aka Nick Higgins.
Chọpụta sayensị nke na-agbanwe ụwa.Chọgharịa ebe nchekwa dijitalụ anyị malitere na 1845, gụnyere akụkọ sitere na ihe karịrị 150 Nobel laureates.