Umicore Electroplating nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees siv kub electrolytic anodes.Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, platinum yog tso rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xws li titanium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, stainless hlau thiab npib tsib xee alloys nyob rau hauv ib tug molten ntsev da dej ntawm 550 ° C nyob rau hauv argon.
Daim duab 2: Kub kub electroplated platinum / titanium anode khaws nws cov duab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Daim duab 3: Expanded mesh Pt/Ti anode.Expanded hlau mesh muab kev pom zoo electrolyte thauj.Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov anode thiab cathode Cheebtsam tuaj yeem txo thiab qhov ceev tam sim no nce.Qhov tshwm sim: zoo dua nyob rau hauv tsawg lub sij hawm.
Daim duab 4: Qhov dav ntawm lub mesh ntawm qhov nthuav dav hlau mesh anode tuaj yeem hloov kho.Lub mesh muab cov electrolyte ntau ntxiv thiab tshem tawm cov pa zoo dua.
Lead yog saib xyuas thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb.Hauv Asmeskas, cov kws saib xyuas kev noj qab haus huv thiab chaw ua haujlwm tau ua raws li lawv cov lus ceeb toom.Txawm hais tias cov tuam txhab electroplating xyoo dhau los ntawm kev cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv phom sij, cov hlau tseem raug saib ntau thiab ntau dua.
Piv txwv li, ib tus neeg siv lead anodes hauv Tebchaws Meskas yuav tsum tau sau npe nrog EPA's tsoom fwv teb chaws Toxic Chemical Release Register.Yog tias lub tuam txhab electroplating tsuas yog siv li 29 kg ntawm txhuas hauv ib xyoos, tseem yuav tsum tau sau npe.
Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau nrhiav lwm txoj hauv kev hauv Asmeskas.Tsis tsuas yog cov hlau lead anode nyuaj chromium plating cog zoo li pheej yig thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, kuj muaj ntau yam tsis zoo:
Dimensionally ruaj khov anodes yog ib qho kev nthuav lwm txoj hauv kev nyuaj chromium plating (saib daim duab 2) nrog lub platinum nto ntawm titanium los yog niobium ua substrate.
Platinum coated anodes muaj ntau yam zoo dua li tawv chromium plating.Cov no suav nrog cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no:
Rau cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws, hloov cov anode rau qhov tsim ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau coated.Qhov no ua rau nws tuaj yeem tau txais anodes nrog qhov ntev ruaj khov (phaj, lub tog raj kheej, T-shaped thiab U-shaped), thaum cov hlau lead anodes feem ntau yog cov ntawv txheeb lossis cov pas nrig.
Pt / Ti thiab Pt / Nb anodes tsis muaj qhov chaw kaw, tab sis nthuav dav hlau nplooj ntawv nrog qhov sib txawv mesh loj.Qhov no ua rau muaj kev faib hluav taws xob zoo, hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua haujlwm hauv thiab ib puag ncig lub network (saib daim duab 3).
Yog li ntawd, qhov me me qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lubanodethiab cov cathode, qhov siab dua qhov flux ntom ntawm txheej.Cov txheej yuav siv tau sai dua: tawm los yog nce.Kev siv cov kab sib txuas nrog thaj tsam loj loj tuaj yeem txhim kho kev sib cais.
Dimensional stability tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev sib xyaw platinum thiab titanium.Ob leeg hlau muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau cov tawv chrome plating.Lub resistivity ntawm platinum yog tsawg heev, tsuas yog 0.107 Ohm × mm2 / m.Tus nqi ntawm cov hlau lead yog yuav luag ob npaug ntawm cov hlau lead (0.208 ohm × mm2 / m).Titanium muaj kev tiv thaiv corrosion zoo heev, txawm li cas los xij, qhov peev xwm no txo ​​qis thaum muaj halides.Piv txwv li, qhov tawg voltage ntawm titanium nyob rau hauv chloride-muaj electrolytes ranges ntawm 10 mus rau 15 V, nyob ntawm pH.Qhov no yog qhov siab dua li ntawm niobium (35 txog 50 V) thiab tantalum (70 txog 100 V).
Titanium muaj qhov tsis zoo nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm corrosion kuj nyob rau hauv muaj zog acids xws li sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, oxalic thiab methanesulfonic acids.Txawm li cas los xij,titaniumtseem yog ib qho kev xaiv zoo vim nws cov machinability thiab tus nqi.
Lub deposition ntawm ib txheej ntawm platinum nyob rau hauv ib tug titanium substrate yog zoo tshaj plaws nqa tawm electrochemically los ntawm kub electrolysis (HTE) nyob rau hauv molten ntsev.Cov txheej txheem HTE sophisticated ua kom cov txheej txheem meej: hauv 550 ° C molten da dej ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov poov tshuaj thiab sodium cyanides uas muaj kwv yees li 1% mus rau 3% platinum, cov hlau tseem ceeb yog electrochemically tso rau titanium.Lub substrate yog kaw nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw system nrog argon, thiab ntsev da dej yog nyob rau hauv ib tug ob chav crucible.Tam sim no los ntawm 1 txog 5 A / dm2 muab cov rwb thaiv tsev ntawm 10 mus rau 50 microns ib teev nrog cov txheej nro ntawm 0.5 txog 2 V.
Platinized anodes siv cov txheej txheem HTE tau zoo heev ua haujlwm anodes coated nrog aqueous electrolyte.Lub purity ntawm platinum txheej los ntawm molten ntsev yog tsawg kawg yog 99.9%, uas yog ho siab tshaj cov platinum txheej tso los ntawm aqueous daws.Qhov tseem ceeb txhim kho ductility, adhesion thiab corrosion kuj nrog tsawg kawg hauv nro.
Thaum xav txog kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov qauv tsim anode, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov qauv kev txhawb nqa thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob anode.Qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo tshaj plaws yog cua sov thiab cua cov ntawv titanium txheej rau cov tub ntxhais tooj liab.tooj liab yog ib qho zoo tagnrho conductor nrog ib tug resistivity ntawm tsuas yog li 9% ntawm Pb / Sn alloys.Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob CuTi ua kom lub zog tsawg tsawg tsuas yog raws li cov anode, yog li cov txheej thickness faib ntawm cov cathode sib dhos yog tib yam.
Lwm qhov txiaj ntsig zoo yog tias muaj cua sov tsawg dua.Cov cua txias yuav tsum tau txo thiab platinum hnav ntawm lub anode txo.Anti-corrosion titanium txheej tiv thaiv cov tub ntxhais tooj liab.Thaum recoating nthuav dav hlau, ntxuav thiab npaj tsuas yog lub thav duab thiab/los yog fais fab mov.Lawv tuaj yeem rov siv tau ntau zaus.
Los ntawm kev ua raws li cov qauv tsim no, koj tuaj yeem siv Pt / Ti lossis Pt / Nb qauv los tsim "zoo tagnrho anodes" rau hard chromium plating.Dimensionally ruaj khov qauv raug nqi ntau dua nyob rau theem peev tshaj li txhuas anodes.Txawm li cas los xij, thaum xav txog tus nqi hauv kev nthuav dav ntxiv, tus qauv platinum-plated titanium tuaj yeem yog lwm txoj hauv kev zoo rau cov tawv chrome plating.
Qhov no yog vim muaj kev txheeb xyuas thiab ua tiav ntawm tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov pa txhuas txhuas thiab platinum anodes.
Yim cov hlau lead anodes (1700 hli ntev thiab 40 hli inch) ua los ntawm PbSn7 tau muab piv nrog qhov tsim nyog loj Pt / Ti anodes rau chromium plating ntawm cylindrical qhov chaw.Kev tsim tawm ntawm yim txhuas anodes raug nqi ib ncig ntawm 1,400 euros (1,471 US las), uas thaum xub thawj siab ib muag zoo li pheej yig.Kev nqis peev uas xav tau los tsim cov Pt / Ti anodes uas yuav tsum tau muaj ntau dua.Tus nqi pib yuav yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 7,000 euros.Platinum tiav yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kim.Tsuas yog cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nkaus xwb suav txog 45% ntawm cov nyiaj no.A 2.5 µm tuab platinum txheej yuav tsum 11.3 g ntawm cov hlau muaj nuj nqis rau txhua ntawm yim anodes.Ntawm tus nqi ntawm 35 euros ib gram, qhov no sib raug rau 3160 euros.
Txawm hais tias txhuas anodes yuav zoo li qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws, qhov no tuaj yeem hloov pauv sai dua thaum kuaj xyuas.Tom qab tsuas yog peb xyoos xwb, tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov hlau lead anode yog siab dua tus qauv Pt / Ti.Nyob rau hauv ib qho piv txwv kev saib xyuas, xav tias ib qho kev thov flux ceev ntawm 40 A / dm2.Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub zog ntws ntawm qhov muab anode nto ntawm 168 dm2 yog 6720 amperes ntawm 6700 teev ntawm kev ua haujlwm rau peb xyoos.Qhov no suav nrog kwv yees li 220 hnub ua haujlwm ntawm 10 teev ua haujlwm hauv ib xyoos.Raws li cov platinum oxidizes rau hauv kev daws, lub thickness ntawm platinum txheej maj mam txo.Hauv qhov piv txwv, qhov no suav tias yog 2 grams ib lab amp-teev.
Muaj ntau qhov laj thawj rau tus nqi kom zoo dua ntawm Pt / Ti tshaj cov hlau lead anodes.Tsis tas li ntawd, txo kev siv hluav taws xob (nqi 0.14 EUR / kWh rho tawm 14,800 kWh / xyoo) raug nqi txog 2,000 EUR ib xyoos.Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis tas yuav tsum muaj tus nqi txhua xyoo txog li 500 euros rau kev pov tseg ntawm cov hmoov lead chromate sludge, nrog rau 1000 euros rau kev saib xyuas thiab kev tsim khoom poob qis - cov kev suav zoo heev.
Tus nqi tag nrho ntawm cov hlau lead anodes tshaj peb xyoos yog € 14,400 ($ 15,130).Tus nqi ntawm Pt / Ti anodes yog 12,020 euros, suav nrog kev rov ua dua tshiab.Txawm hais tias tsis suav nrog tus nqi saib xyuas thiab kev tsim khoom poob qis (1000 euros ib hnub twg hauv ib xyoos), qhov kev sib tw-txawm mus txog tom qab peb xyoos.Txij ntawm no mus, qhov sib txawv ntawm lawv nce ntau dua hauv kev pom zoo ntawm Pt / Ti anode.
Ntau qhov kev lag luam coj kom zoo dua ntawm ntau yam txiaj ntsig ntawm kub platinum coated electrolytic anodes.Teeb pom kev zoo, semiconductor thiab circuit board manufacturers, automotive, hydraulics, mining, waterworks thiab da dej pas dej ua ke cia siab rau cov txheej txheem no.Ntau daim ntawv thov yuav raug tsim nyob rau yav tom ntej, vim tias cov nqi tsim nyog thiab kev xav txog ib puag ncig yog kev txhawj xeeb mus ntev.Yog li ntawd, txhuas tuaj yeem ntsib kev tshuaj xyuas ntau ntxiv.
Thawj tsab xov xwm tau luam tawm ua lus German hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Txhua Xyoo (Vol. 71, 2015) kho los ntawm Prof. Timo Sörgel los ntawm Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Lub teb chaws Yelemees.Kev lees paub los ntawm Eugen G. Leuze Verlag, Bad Saulgau / Lub Tebchaws Yelemees.
Hauv kev ua haujlwm hlau feem ntau, siv daim npog ntsej muag, qhov twg tsuas yog qee qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau ua tiav.Hloov chaw, daim npog ntsej muag tuaj yeem siv rau ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis tas yuav kho lossis yuav tsum zam.Tsab ntawv xov xwm no suav nrog ntau yam ntawm cov hlau ua tiav daim npog ntsej muag, suav nrog cov ntawv thov, cov txheej txheem, thiab ntau hom kev npog ntsej muag siv.