I ka hele ʻana o ka mālamalama ma ka lewa, ua ʻōhola ʻia e ka hoʻonui ʻana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻālohilohi ai ka nui o nā mea mamao loa i ka infrared, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ma mua o ke kukui ʻike ʻia.ʻAʻole hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i kēia kukui kahiko me ka maka ʻole, akā ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) e hopu iā ia, e hōʻike ana i kekahi o nā galaxies mua loa i hana ʻia.
Aperture Masking: He ʻūhāmetalapale ka papa i kekahi o nā kukui e komo ana i ke kelepona, e ʻae iā ia e hoʻohālike i kahi interferometer e hoʻohui i ka ʻikepili mai nā telescopes he nui e loaʻa ai ka hopena kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka lens hoʻokahi.Hoʻopuka kēia ʻano hana i nā kikoʻī hou aku i nā mea ʻālohilohi loa ma kahi kokoke, e like me nā hōkū ʻelua kokoke i ka lewa.
ʻO Micro Gate Array: Hiki ke wehe ʻia a pani ʻia paha kahi mākia o 248,000 mau puka liʻiliʻi e ana i ke kikoʻī - ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka mālamalama a hiki i kona mau nalu i hoʻohui ʻia - ma nā helu 100 i hoʻokahi kiʻi.
Spectrometer: Hoʻokaʻawale ka mākia a i ʻole prism i nā kukui hanana i loko o kahi kikoʻī e hōʻike i ka ikaika o nā lōʻihi o kēlā me kēia.
Nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi: He ʻekolu kā JWST - ʻelua e hopu i ka mālamalama i nā lōʻihi nalu infrared kokoke a me kekahi e hopu i ka mālamalama ma waena o nā nalu infrared.
ʻĀpana kahua hoʻohui: ʻO ka pahupaʻikiʻi hui a me ka spectrometer e hopu i kahi kiʻi me ke kiko o kēlā me kēia pika, e hōʻike ana i ka loli ʻana o ka mālamalama i ke kahua o ka ʻike.
Nā Coronagraphs: Hiki i ka ʻālohilohi mai nā hōkū ʻālohilohi ke pale aku i nā kukui ʻeleʻele mai nā hōkū a me nā ʻōpala ʻōpala e hoʻopuni ana i kēlā mau hōkū.ʻO nā Coronographs nā pōʻai opaque e ālai ana i ke kukui hōkū a ʻae i nā hōʻailona nāwaliwali e hele mai.
Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)/Near Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS): ʻO ka FGS kahi pahupaʻikiʻi kuhikuhi e kōkua ana i ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ke kelepona ma ke ala pololei.Hoʻopili ʻia me NIRISS nona kahi kāmela a me kahi spectrometer hiki ke hopu kokoke i nā kiʻi infrared a me nā spectra.
Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSpec): Hiki i kēia spectrometer kūikawā ke loaʻa i ka 100 spectra ma o ke ʻano o nā microshutters.ʻO kēia ka mea hana ākea mua hiki ke hana i ka nānā ʻana spectral o nā mea he nui i ka manawa like.
Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam): ʻO ka mea kani infrared kokoke wale nō me kahi coronagraph, ʻo NIRCam kahi mea hana nui no ke aʻo ʻana i nā exoplanets nona ka mālamalama e uhi ʻia e ka ʻālohilohi o nā hōkū kokoke.E hopu ia i nā kiʻi a me nā spectra kiʻekiʻe.
Mea Hana Infrared Mid-Infrared (MIRI): ʻO kēia hui pū ʻana o ka pahupaʻikiʻi/spectrograph ʻo ia wale nō ka mea hana ma ka JWST hiki ke ʻike i ke kukui waena-infrared i hoʻopuka ʻia e nā mea ʻoluʻolu e like me nā diski ʻōpala a puni nā hōkū a me nā aniani mamao loa.
Pono nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻololi e hoʻololi i ka ʻikepili maka o JWST i mea e mahalo ai ka maka o ke kanaka, akā ʻo kāna mau kiʻi he "ʻoiaʻiʻo," wahi a Alyssa Pagan, he ʻenekini ʻepekema ʻepekema ma ka Space Telescope Science Institute."ʻO kēia ka mea a mākou e ʻike ai inā mākou i laila?ʻAʻole ka pane, no ka mea, ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia ko mākou mau maka e ʻike i ka infrared, a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā telescopes i ka mālamalama ma mua o ko mākou mau maka.Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike maoli i kēia mau mea kosmic ma mua o ko mākou mau maka liʻiliʻi.Hiki iā JWST ke kiʻi i nā kiʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kānana a hiki i 27 e hopu i nā pae like ʻole o ka spectrum infrared.Hoʻokaʻawale mua ka poʻe ʻepekema i ka pae hoʻoikaika ikaika loa no kahi kiʻi i hāʻawi ʻia a hoʻonui i nā waiwai olino e hōʻike i nā kikoʻī e like me ka hiki.A laila, hāʻawi lākou i kēlā me kēia kānana infrared i ke kala i loko o ka spectrum i ʻike ʻia - lilo nā nalu pōkole loa i uliuli, ʻoiai ua lilo nā nalu lōʻihi i ʻōmaʻomaʻo a ʻulaʻula.E hoʻohui iā lākou a waiho ʻia ʻoe me ke koena keʻokeʻo maʻamau, ka ʻokoʻa a me nā hoʻonohonoho waihoʻoluʻu i hana ʻia e kekahi mea paʻi kiʻi.
ʻOiai ʻo nā kiʻi waihoʻoluʻu piha e hoʻohiwahiwa ana, nui nā mea hoihoi i hana ʻia i hoʻokahi nalu nalu i ka manawa.Maanei, hōʻike ka mea kani NIRSpec i nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole o ka Nebula Tarantula ma o nā ʻano like ʻolenā kānana.No ka laʻana, hoʻomālamalama ka atomic hydrogen (uliuli) i nā lōʻihi hawewe mai ka hōkū waena a me kona mau ʻōhū a puni.Aia ma waena o lākou nā ʻāpana o ka hydrogen molecular ('ōmaʻomaʻo) a me nā hydrocarbons paʻakikī (ʻulaʻula).Hōʻike nā mea hōʻike e puhi ana ka pūʻulu hoku ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻākau o ke kiʻi i ka lepo a me ke kinoea i ka hōkū waena.
Ua paʻi mua ʻia kēia ʻatikala ma Scientific American 327, 6, 42-45 (December 2022) ma ke ʻano he "Ma hope o nā kiʻi".
He mea hoʻoponopono kiʻi kiʻi ʻo Jen Christiansen ma Scientific American.E hahai iā Christiansen ma Twitter @ChristiansenJen
ʻO ia ka Lunahooponopono Nui no Space and Physics ma Scientific American.Loaʻa iā ia ke kēkelē laepua ma ka astronomy a me ka physics mai ke Kulanui ʻo Wesleyan a me ke kēkelē laepua ma ka nūpepa ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, Santa Cruz.E hahai iā Moskowitz ma Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz.Na Nick Higgins ke kiʻi.
E ʻike i ka ʻepekema e hoʻololi nei i ka honua.E ʻimi i kā mākou waihona kikohoʻe e pili ana i ka makahiki 1845, me nā ʻatikala mai 150 mau mea lanakila Nobel.