Umicore Electroplating a Jamus yana amfani da matsanancin zafin jiki na electrolytic anodes.A cikin wannan tsari, ana ajiye platinum akan kayan tushe kamar titanium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, bakin karfe da nickel gami a cikin wankan gishiri mai narkakkar a 550 ° C karkashin argon.
Hoto 2: Babban zafin jiki mai amfani da platinum/titanium anode yana riƙe da siffarsa na dogon lokaci.
Hoto 3: Fadada raga Pt/Ti anode.Faɗaɗɗen ragar ƙarfe yana ba da ingantaccen jigilar electrolyte.Za'a iya rage nisa tsakanin abubuwan anode da cathode kuma yawan adadin yanzu ya karu.Sakamakon: mafi kyawun inganci a cikin ɗan lokaci kaɗan.
Hoto 4: Za'a iya daidaita nisa na raga a kan fadada anode na raga na karfe.Ragon yana samar da ƙara yawan zagayawa na electrolyte da mafi kyawun cire gas.
Ana sa ido sosai kan gubar a duk faɗin duniya.A Amurka, hukumomin lafiya da wuraren aiki suna bin gargaɗin da suke yi.Duk da shekarun da kamfanonin lantarki ke da gogewa wajen mu'amala da abubuwa masu haɗari, ana ci gaba da kallon ƙarfe da mahimmanci.
Misali, duk wanda ke amfani da anodes na gubar a cikin Amurka dole ne yayi rajista tare da Rijistar Sakin Kemikal Mai Guba ta tarayya na EPA.Idan kamfanin lantarki yana aiwatar da kusan kilogiram 29 na gubar a kowace shekara, har yanzu ana buƙatar rajista.
Saboda haka, wajibi ne a nemi madadin a cikin Amurka.Ba wai kawai gubar anode mai wuyar chromium plating shuka yayi arha a kallon farko ba, akwai kuma rashin amfani da yawa:
Matsakaicin tsayayyen anodes shine zaɓi mai ban sha'awa ga wuyar plating na chromium (duba siffa 2) tare da saman platinum akan titanium ko niobium a matsayin ƙasa.
Platinum mai rufi anodes yana ba da fa'idodi da yawa akan platin chromium mai wuya.Waɗannan sun haɗa da fa'idodi masu zuwa:
Don kyakkyawan sakamako, daidaita anode zuwa ƙirar ɓangaren da za a rufe.Wannan ya sa ya yiwu a sami anodes tare da barga girma (faranti, cylinders, T-dimbin yawa da U-dimbin yawa), yayin da gubar anodes ne yafi daidaitattun zanen gado ko sanduna.
Pt/Ti da Pt/Nb anodes ba su da rufaffiyar saman, sai dai faɗaɗɗen zanen ƙarfe tare da madaidaicin girman raga.Wannan yana haifar da rarraba makamashi mai kyau, filayen lantarki na iya aiki a ciki da kuma kewayen hanyar sadarwa (duba hoto 3).
Saboda haka, ƙarami nisa tsakaninanodeda kuma cathode, mafi girma da juzu'i mai yawa na rufi.Ana iya amfani da yadudduka da sauri: yawan amfanin ƙasa yana ƙaruwa.Yin amfani da grid tare da babban tasiri mai tasiri na iya inganta yanayin rabuwa.
Ana iya samun kwanciyar hankali mai girma ta hanyar haɗa platinum da titanium.Dukansu karafa suna ba da mafi kyawun sigogi don plating mai wuyar chrome.Resistance na platinum yana da ƙasa sosai, kawai 0.107 Ohm × mm2/m.Darajar gubar kusan sau biyu na gubar (0.208 ohm × mm2/m).Titanium yana da kyakkyawan juriya na lalata, duk da haka wannan ikon yana raguwa a gaban halides.Misali, rushewar wutar lantarki na titanium a cikin chloride-dauke da electrolytes ya bambanta daga 10 zuwa 15 V, dangane da pH.Wannan ya fi girma fiye da na niobium (35 zuwa 50 V) da tantalum (70 zuwa 100 V).
Titanium yana da rashin amfani dangane da juriya na lalata a cikin acid mai ƙarfi kamar su sulfuric, nitric, hydrofluoric, oxalic da methanesulfonic acid.Duk da haka,titaniumshi ne har yanzu mai kyau zabi saboda da machinability da farashin.
Zubar da wani Layer na platinum a kan abin da ke cikin titanium yana da kyau a aiwatar da shi ta hanyar lantarki ta hanyar lantarki mai zafi (HTE) a cikin narkakken gishiri.Tsarin HTE mai sophisticated yana tabbatar da madaidaicin sutura: a cikin narkakkar wanka na 550°C da aka yi daga cakuda potassium da sodium cyanide mai ɗauke da kusan 1% zuwa 3% platinum, ƙarfe mai daraja ana ajiye shi ta hanyar lantarki akan titanium.An kulle substrate a cikin rufaffiyar tsarin tare da argon, kuma gishiri mai wanka yana cikin crucible sau biyu.Currents daga 1 zuwa 5 A/dm2 suna ba da ƙimar rufi na 10 zuwa 50 microns a kowace awa tare da tashin hankali na 0.5 zuwa 2 V.
Platinized anodes ta amfani da tsarin HTE sun fi karfin anodes da aka lullube da ruwa mai ruwa.Tsaftar rufin platinum daga narkakken gishiri aƙalla 99.9%, wanda ya fi girma fiye da na platinum yadudduka da aka ajiye daga mafita mai ruwa.Mahimman ingantattun ductility, mannewa da juriya na lalata tare da ƙaramin tashin hankali na ciki.
Lokacin yin la'akari da haɓaka ƙirar anode, mafi mahimmanci shine haɓaka tsarin tallafi da wutar lantarki na anode.Mafi kyawun bayani shine zafi da iska da murfin murfin titanium akan tushen tagulla.Copper shine jagoran da ya dace tare da tsayayyar kusan 9% kawai na na Pb/Sn alloys.Kayan wutar lantarki na CuTi yana tabbatar da asarar wutar lantarki kaɗan kawai tare da anode, don haka rarraba kauri akan taron cathode iri ɗaya ne.
Wani tasiri mai kyau shine ƙananan zafi yana haifar da shi.Ana rage buƙatun sanyaya kuma an rage lalacewa ta platinum akan anode.Anti-lalata titanium shafi yana kare tushen jan karfe.Lokacin da ake sake gyara ƙarfe da aka faɗaɗa, tsaftace kuma shirya firam da/ko wutar lantarki kawai.Ana iya sake amfani da su sau da yawa.
Ta bin waɗannan jagororin ƙira, zaku iya amfani da samfuran Pt/Ti ko Pt/Nb don ƙirƙirar “abubuwan da suka dace” don plating chromium mai wuya.Samfura masu tsayin daka sun fi tsada a matakin saka hannun jari fiye da anodes na gubar.Duk da haka, lokacin la'akari da farashi daki-daki, samfurin titanium-plated platinum na iya zama madadin mai ban sha'awa ga chrome plating mai wuya.
Wannan ya faru ne saboda cikakken bincike mai zurfi na jimillar kuɗin dalma na al'ada da platinum anodes.
Anodes alloy alloy guda takwas (tsawon mm 1700 da 40 mm a diamita) waɗanda aka yi da PbSn7 an kwatanta su da girman Pt/Ti anodes masu dacewa don plating na chromium na sassan silinda.Samar da magungunan gubar guda takwas ya kai kusan Yuro 1,400 (dalar Amurka 1,471), wanda a kallon farko da alama mai arha ne.Zuba jarin da ake buƙata don haɓaka Pt / Ti anodes da ake buƙata ya fi girma.Farashin siyan farko yana kusa da Yuro 7,000.Ƙarshen Platinum suna da tsada musamman.Ƙarfe masu tamani ne kawai ke lissafin kashi 45% na wannan adadin.Rufin platinum mai kauri 2.5 µm yana buƙatar 11.3 g na ƙarfe mai daraja ga kowane daga cikin anodes takwas.A farashin Yuro 35 a kowace gram, wannan yayi daidai da Yuro 3160.
Yayin da anodes na gubar na iya zama kamar zaɓi mafi kyau, wannan na iya canzawa da sauri idan an duba kusa.Bayan shekaru uku kacal, jimillar farashin gubar anode ya fi girma fiye da samfurin Pt/Ti.A cikin misalin ƙididdiga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ɗauki nauyin juzu'in aikace-aikacen yau da kullun na 40 A/dm2.A sakamakon haka, da ikon kwarara a wani da aka ba anode surface na 168 dm2 ya 6720 amperes a 6700 hours aiki na shekaru uku.Wannan yayi daidai da kusan kwanakin aiki 220 daga cikin sa'o'in aiki 10 a kowace shekara.Yayin da platinum oxidizes cikin bayani, kauri daga cikin platinum yana raguwa sannu a hankali.A cikin misali, ana ɗaukar wannan gram 2 a kowace amp-hour miliyan.
Akwai dalilai da yawa don fa'idar farashin Pt/Ti akan anodes na gubar.Bugu da ƙari, rage amfani da wutar lantarki (farashin 0.14 EUR/kWh ya rage 14,800 kWh / shekara) yana kashe kimanin 2,000 EUR a kowace shekara.Bugu da ƙari, ba a sake buƙatar farashin shekara-shekara na kimanin 500 Yuro don zubar da sludge na gubar chromate, da kuma 1000 Yuro don kulawa da kuma samar da raguwa - ƙididdiga masu ra'ayin mazan jiya.
Jimlar farashin gubar anodes sama da shekaru uku €14,400 ($15,130).Farashin Pt/Ti anodes shine Yuro 12,020, gami da sake gyarawa.Ko da ba tare da la'akari da farashin kulawa da raguwar samarwa ba (Yuro 1000 a kowace rana a kowace shekara), an kai ƙarshen-har bayan shekaru uku.Daga wannan lokacin, rata tsakanin su yana ƙaruwa har ma fiye da goyon bayan Pt / Ti anode.
Yawancin masana'antu suna amfani da fa'idodi daban-daban na babban zafin jiki mai rufin platinum electrolytic anodes.Lighting, semiconductor da kewaye hukumar masana'antun, mota, na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa, hakar ma'adinai, waterworks da kuma wuraren waha sun dogara da wadannan shafi fasahar.Tabbas za a haɓaka ƙarin aikace-aikacen a nan gaba, saboda farashi mai dorewa da la'akari da muhalli damuwa ne na dogon lokaci.Sakamakon haka, gubar na iya fuskantar ƙarin bincike.
An buga ainihin labarin a cikin Jamusanci a cikin Fasahar Surface na shekara-shekara (Juzu'i na 71, 2015) wanda Farfesa Timo Sörgel daga Jami'ar Aalen na Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa, Jamus ya shirya.Ladabi na Eugen G. Leuze Verlag, Bad Saulgau/Jamus.
A cikin mafi yawan ayyukan gamawa na ƙarfe, ana amfani da masking, inda kawai ya kamata a sarrafa wasu wurare na farfajiyar ɓangaren.Madadin haka, ana iya amfani da abin rufe fuska a saman da ba a buƙatar magani ko ya kamata a guji.Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na abin rufe fuska na ƙarfe, gami da aikace-aikace, dabaru, da nau'ikan abin rufe fuska da ake amfani da su.