Yayin da haske ke tafiya a cikin sararin samaniya, yana shimfidawa ta hanyar fadada sararin samaniya.Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa yawancin abubuwa masu nisa ke haskakawa a cikin infrared, wanda ke da tsayin tsayi fiye da haske mai gani.Ba za mu iya ganin wannan tsohon haske da ido tsirara ba, amma James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) an ƙera shi don kama shi, yana bayyana wasu taurarin taurari na farko da aka taɓa samu.
Masking Budewa: Mai hushikarfefarantin yana toshe wasu hasken da ke shiga na'urar hangen nesa, yana ba shi damar kwaikwayi na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa wanda ke haɗa bayanai daga na'urori masu yawa don cimma mafi girma fiye da ruwan tabarau guda ɗaya.Wannan hanyar tana fitar da ƙarin daki-daki a cikin abubuwa masu haske a kusa, kamar taurari biyu kusa da sararin sama.
Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofar Ƙofa: Za a iya buɗe ko rufe grid na ƙananan kofofi 248,000 don auna bakan - yaduwar haske zuwa tsayinsa - a maki 100 a cikin firam ɗaya.
Spectrometer: A grating ko priism yana raba hasken da ya faru zuwa bakan don nuna tsananin tsayin raƙuman ruwa.
Kyamara: JWST yana da kyamarori uku - biyu waɗanda ke ɗaukar haske a cikin madaidaicin raƙuman infrared na kusa da ɗaya wanda ke ɗaukar haske a tsakiyar raƙuman infrared.
Naúrar filin haɗin kai: Haɗe-haɗe kamara da spectrometer suna ɗaukar hoto tare da bakan kowane pixel, yana nuna yadda haske ke canzawa a fagen kallo.
Hotuna: Hasken taurari masu haske na iya toshe haske daga taurari da tarkace da ke kewaye da waɗannan taurari.Coronographs su ne da'irori marasa ƙarfi waɗanda ke toshe hasken tauraro masu haske kuma suna ba da damar sigina masu rauni su wuce.
Fine Guidance Sensor (FGS)/Kusa da Hoton Infrared da Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS): FGS kyamara ce mai nuni da ke taimakawa wajen nuna na'urar hangen nesa a hanya madaidaiciya.An haɗe shi da NIRISS wanda ke da kyamara da na'urar sikirin da za ta iya ɗauka kusa da hotunan infrared da spectra.
Kusa da Spectrometer Infrared (NIRSpec): Wannan ƙwararren spectrometer na iya samun sikeli 100 a lokaci guda ta hanyar tsararrun microshutters.Wannan shine kayan aikin sararin samaniya na farko da ke da ikon yin nazari akan abubuwa da yawa a lokaci guda.
Kusa da Kyamara Infrared (NIRCam): Na'urar infrared kawai da ke da alamar rubutu, NIRCam zai zama babban kayan aiki don nazarin exoplanets waɗanda in ba haka ba hasken taurarin da ke kusa zai rufe su.Zai ɗauki hotuna masu girman gaske kusa da infrared da spectra.
Infrared Instrument (MIRI): Wannan haɗin kamara/spectrograph shine kawai kayan aiki a cikin JWST wanda zai iya ganin tsakiyar hasken infrared da ke fitar da abubuwa masu sanyaya kamar tarkace a kusa da taurari da taurari masu nisa.
Dole ne masana kimiyya su yi gyare-gyare don mayar da ɗanyen bayanan JWST zuwa wani abu da idon ɗan adam zai iya yabawa, amma hotunansa “na gaske ne,” in ji Alyssa Pagan, injiniyan hangen nesa na kimiyya a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Sararin Samaniya.“Shin da gaske ne abin da za mu gani idan muna can?Amsar ita ce a’a, domin ba a tsara idanunmu don gani a cikin infrared ba, kuma na’urorin na’urar hangen nesa sun fi idanunmu kula da haske sosai.”Faɗin faɗuwar na'urar hangen nesa yana ba mu damar ganin waɗannan abubuwan sararin samaniya fiye da yadda idanuwanmu ƙayyadaddun za su iya gani.JWST na iya ɗaukar hotuna ta amfani da filtata har zuwa 27 waɗanda ke ɗaukar jeri daban-daban na bakan infrared.Masana kimiyya sun fara keɓance kewayon mafi fa'ida mai ƙarfi don hoton da aka bayar kuma su auna ƙimar haske don bayyana dalla-dalla gwargwadon iko.Sai suka sanya kowane tace infrared launi a cikin bakan da ake iya gani - mafi ƙarancin raƙuman raƙuman ruwa ya zama shuɗi, yayin da tsayin raƙuman ya zama kore da ja.Haɗa su tare kuma an bar ku tare da ma'aunin fari na al'ada, bambanci da saitunan launi waɗanda kowane mai ɗaukar hoto zai iya yi.
Duk da yake cikakkun hotuna masu launi suna da daɗi, yawancin bincike masu ban sha'awa ana yin tsayi ɗaya a lokaci guda.Anan, kayan aikin NIRSpec yana nuna fasali daban-daban na Tarantula Nebula ta hanyoyi daban-dabantacewa.Misali, hydrogen atomic (blue) yana haskaka tsawon magudanar ruwa daga tauraro na tsakiya da kumfa da ke kewaye.Tsakanin su akwai alamun hydrogen (kore) da hadadden hydrocarbons (ja).Shaidu sun nuna cewa tauraro a kusurwar dama na firam ɗin yana hura ƙura da iskar gas zuwa tsakiyar tauraro.
An fara buga wannan labarin a cikin Scientific American 327, 6, 42-45 (Disamba 2022) a matsayin "Bayan Hotuna".
Jen Christiansen babban editan zane ne a Scientific American.Bi Christiansen akan Twitter @ChristiansenJen
Babban Editan Sarari da Physics ne a Scientific American.Ta yi digirin farko a fannin ilmin taurari da kimiyyar lissafi daga jami'ar Wesleyan sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jarida na kimiyya daga Jami'ar California, Santa Cruz.Bi Moskowitz akan Twitter @ClaraMoskowitz.Hoto daga Nick Higgins.
Gano kimiyyar da ke canza duniya.Bincika tarihin mu na dijital tun daga 1845, gami da labarai daga sama da 150 waɗanda suka lashe kyautar Nobel.